{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:42:28Z","timestamp":1781664148953,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]],"date-time":"2014-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To explore the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in men, premenopausal women and postmenopausal women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1,834 community-based Southern Chinese participants from June to October 2012. Sex-specific SUA quartiles were used as follows: &lt;345, 345\u2013&lt;400, 400\u2013&lt;468, \u2265468 \u00b5mol\/L in males; and &lt;248, 248\u2013&lt;288, 288\u2013&lt;328, \u2265328 \u00b5mol\/L in females. MS was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) Criteria. The association between SUA and MS was then analyzed using the STATA software. Results: The odds ratio (OR) for having MS in the highest versus lowest quartiles of SUA levels was 2.46 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39 to 4.34, p = 0.002) in men after adjusting for age, sex, history of coronary heart disease, history of stroke, current current smoking, current alcohol use, physical inactivity, education status, and BMI. Further adjusting for above confounders, hypertension and diabetes, the OR for having MS in the highest versus lowest quartiles of SUA was 3.06 (95% CI, 1.64 to 5.70,  p &lt; 0.001). The OR for having MS in the highest versus lowest quartiles of SUA was 3.45 (95% CI, 1.38 to 8.64, p = 0.008) and 1.98 (95% CI, 1.16 to 3.37, p = 0.08) in premenopausal women and postmenopausal women after adjusting for age, sex, history of coronary heart disease, history of stroke, current smoking, current alcohol use, physical inactivity, education status, and BMI. Further adjusting for above confounders, hypertension and diabetes, the OR for having MS in the highest versus lowest quartiles of SUA was 3.42  (95% CI, 1.15 to 10.18, p = 0.03) and 1.87 (95% CI, 1.05 to 3.33, p = 0.03) in premenopausal women and postmenopausal women. Conclusions: Higher SUA levels are positively associated with the presence of MS in males and females. Higher SUA levels had a higher risk of having MS in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110302899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]],"date-time":"2014-03-10T07:29:49Z","timestamp":1394436589000},"page":"2899-2910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Association of Uric Acid with Metabolic Syndrome in Men, Premenopausal Women and Postmenopausal Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University,  Zhangzhou 363000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiqun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangping","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Holth\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Sensor Research\/BioAnalytical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hequn","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.703389","article-title":"Independent impact of gout on mortality and risk for coronary heart disease","volume":"116","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken305","article-title":"Gout and the risk of type 2 diabetes among men with a high cardiovascular risk profile","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxf.)"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.06.040","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in individuals with hyperuricemia","volume":"120","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.001180","article-title":"A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.70.1531","article-title":"Prognosticvalue of the metabolic syndrome for long-term outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"70","author":"Kasai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38766.624097.1F","article-title":"Clinical value of the metabolic syndrome for long term prediction of total and cardiovascular mortality: Prospective, population based cohort study","volume":"332","author":"Byberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.01.013","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and renal disease","volume":"164","author":"Gluba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.69.928","article-title":"Relationship between serum uric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Yoo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000161274.87407.26","article-title":"Association between serum uric acid, metabolic syndrome, and carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese individuals","volume":"25","author":"Ishizaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.9.1242","article-title":"Features of the metabolic syndrome predict higher risk of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance: A prospective study in Mauritius","volume":"23","author":"Boyko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R116","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2519","article-title":"Menopause, postmenopausal hormone use and serum uric acid levels in US women\u2014The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"10","author":"Hak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-12-1","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and menopause","volume":"12","author":"Jouyandeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10093987","article-title":"Association between metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in perimenopausal women","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, X., Liang, Y., Shao, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Wang, X., Li, B., and Deng, K. (2014). Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease in a Southern Chinese population. Nephrology (Carlton), 2014.","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12219"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, The International Association for the Study of Obesity, and International Obesity Task Force Available online:http:\/\/www.diabetes.com.au\/pdf\/obesity_report.Pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006040368","article-title":"Modified glomerular filtration rate estimating equation for Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.055269","article-title":"EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT)","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23007","article-title":"Lowering serum uric acid levels: What is the optimal target for improving clinical outcomes in gout?","volume":"57","author":"Liote","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association\/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"928","article-title":"Survey of health status and healthcare demand for perimenopausal women in Guangdong","volume":"24","author":"Tian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001). Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA, 285, 2486\u20132497.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2010.40.7.314","article-title":"Relationship between serum uric acid levels, metabolic syndrome, and arterial stiffness in Korean","volume":"40","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2010.493962","article-title":"Relationship between uric acid and metabolic syndrome according to menopausal status","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawamoto, R., Tabara, Y., Kohara, K., Kusunoki, T., Abe, M., and Miki, T. (2013). Serum uric acid is more strongly associated with impaired fasting glucose in women than in men from a community-dwelling population. PLoS One, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065886"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.4043","article-title":"The association between serum uric acid and diabetes mellitus is stronger in women","volume":"22","author":"Kivity","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health (Larchmt.)"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20130215","article-title":"Relationship between uric acid and arterial stiffness in the elderly with metabolic syndrome components","volume":"126","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9829-4","article-title":"Association between serum uric acid and the metabolic syndrome among a middle- and old-age Chinese population","volume":"28","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.08.012","article-title":"Relation of uric acid to serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and to hepatic steatosis","volume":"110","author":"Keenan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnan, E. (2012). Reduced glomerular function and prevalence of gout: NHANES 2009\u201310. PLoS One, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050046"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20090078","article-title":"The relationship between serum uric acid level and metabolic syndrome: Differences by sex and age in Taiwanese","volume":"20","author":"Chiou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-419","article-title":"A longitudinal cohort based association study between uric acid level and metabolic syndrome in Chinese Han urban male population","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9657-4","article-title":"Elevated uric acid, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease: Cause, consequence, or just a not so innocent bystander?","volume":"41","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjornstad, P., Snell-Bergeon, J.K., McFann, K., Wadwa, R.P., Rewers, M., Rivard, C.J., Jalal, D., Chonchol, M.B., Johnson, R.J., and Maahs, D.M. (2013). Serum uric acid and insulin sensitivity in adolescents and adults with and without type 1 diabetes. J. Diabetes Complicat., 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2013.12.007"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2012.0151","article-title":"Serum uric acid predicts both current and future components of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Osgood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015352","article-title":"Serum uric acid as an index of impaired oxidative metabolism in chronic heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Leyva","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7061(96)00098-2","article-title":"Effect of insulin on renal sodium and uric acid handling in essential hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Muscelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det085","article-title":"Serum uric acid in relation to endogenous reproductive hormones during the menstrual cycle: Findings from the BioCycle study","volume":"28","author":"Mumford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00545.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women","volume":"8","author":"Salpeter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/3\/2899\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:04Z","timestamp":1760216944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/3\/2899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph110302899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph110302899","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]]}}}