{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:44:43Z","timestamp":1791891883905,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]],"date-time":"2014-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis japonica, transmitted by the intermediate host snail  Oncomelania hupensis of the causative agent Schistosoma japonicum, remains a major public-health concern in China, and control of this snail is one of the major approaches used in attempts to interrupt the transmission of this neglected tropical disease.  Niclosamide is currently the only commercial molluscicide available for the control of  O. hupensis snails in China. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current sensitivity of O. hupensis to niclosamide in China. O. hupensis snails derived from  17 sampling sites from eight schistosomiasis-endemic provinces of China were used for the molluscicidal tests. Active adult snails (10 for each drug concentration), were immersed in solutions of 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.063, 0.032, 0.016 and 0.008 mg\/L of 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPN) for 24 and 48 h at 25\u00b0C, and then the snail mortality was estimated and LC50 values were calculated. All field-derived  O. hupensis snails were dead following immersion in 0.5 and 1 mg\/L WPN for 24 h, whereas no death was observed after immersion in 0.008 mg\/L WPN for 24 h. Immersion in 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.063, 0.032 and 0.016 mg\/L WPN for 24 h resulted in 80%\u2013100%, 63.33%\u2013100%, 0%\u201385%, 0%\u201350%, 0%\u201315%, and 0%\u20135% snail mortalities, respectively. The 24 h WPN LC50 values for the O. hupensis snails derived from the 17 sampling sites in China ranged from 0.0743 to 0.2285 mg\/L, and no significant difference was detected by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p = 0.2). The results indicate that there is no regional variation in the current susceptibility to niclosamide in O. hupensis populations in China. It is suggested that the current sensitivity of niclosamide against O. hupensis remains high and has not changed after more than two decades of repeated, extensive application for snail control in the main endemic areas of China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110303086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]],"date-time":"2014-03-12T07:14:58Z","timestamp":1394608498000},"page":"3086-3095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Sensitivity of Oncomelania hupensis to Niclosamide:   A Nation-Wide Survey in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jianrong","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health,  117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youzi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health,  117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health,  117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuntian","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health,  117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoli","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health,  117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health,  117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi 214064, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","volume":"6","author":"Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61358-6","article-title":"Schistosomiasis control: Experiences and lessons from China","volume":"372","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.17","article-title":"Conquering \u201csnail fever\u201d: Schistosomiasis and its control in China","volume":"7","author":"Manus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.08.004","article-title":"Conquering Schistosomiasis in China: The long march","volume":"96","author":"Utzinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1310.061423","article-title":"Epidemiology of Schistosomiasis in the People\u2019s Republic of China, 2004","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in China: Acute infections during 2005\u20132008","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"621","article-title":"Schistosomiasis situation in People\u2019s Republic of China in 2011","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schisto. Control"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.07.005","article-title":"The public health significance and control of Schistosomiasis in China\u2014Then and now","volume":"96","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(10)72006-6","article-title":"Schistosomiasis japonica control and research needs","volume":"72","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02403.x","article-title":"China\u2019s new strategy to block Schistosoma. japonicu transmission: Experiences and impact beyond schistosomiasis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Zhou, X.N. (2005). Science of Oncomelania Snail, Science Press. (in Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.07.014","article-title":"Transmission control of Schistosomiasis japonica: Implementation and evaluation of different snail control interventions","volume":"96","author":"Yuan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.07.018","article-title":"Optimal combined approaches of field intervention for Schistosomiasis control in China","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"WHO (1992). The Role of Mollusciciding in Schistosomiasis Control, Division of Control of Tropical Diseases."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"43","article-title":"Schistosomiasis control in China: The impact of a 10-year World Bank Loan Project (1992\u20132001)","volume":"83","author":"Xianyi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"352","article-title":"Experimental study on the resistance of Oncomelania snails to niclosamide","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pathogen Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Mao, C.P. (1990). Biology of Schistosome and Control of Schistosomiasis, People\u2019s Medical Publishing House. (in Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"525","article-title":"Laboratory and field trials of a new molluscicide, Bayer 73, in Tanganyika","volume":"25","author":"Webbe","year":"1961","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"483","article-title":"Results of laboratory and field trials with the molluscicide Bayer 73","volume":"25","year":"1961","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, G.J., Sun, L.P., Hong, Q.B., Zhu, H.R., Yang, K., Gao, Q., and Zhou, X.N. (2012). Optimizing molluscicide treatment strategies in different control stages of Schistosomiasis in the People\u2019s Republic of China. Parasit. Vector., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-260"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, G.J., Li, W., Sun, L.P., Wu, F., Yang, K., Huang, Y.X., and Zhou, X.N. (2010). Molluscicidal efficacies of different formulations of niclosamide: Result of meta-analysis of Chinese literature. Parasit. Vectors, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-84"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"231","article-title":"Research progress on molluscicides and their application","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vector Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"474","article-title":"Progress of research on molluscicides","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"244","article-title":"Mollusciciding action and toxicity of bromoacetamide","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"244","article-title":"Study on the molluscicidal effect of META-Li against Oncomelania hupensis","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125000727","article-title":"Toxicology of a potential molluscicide derived from the plant Solanum xanthocarpum: A preliminary study","volume":"96","author":"Wei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"245","article-title":"Molluscicidal activity of Nerium indicum Mill, Pterocarya stenoptera DC, and Rumex japonicum houtt on Oncomelania hupensis","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2007.11.030","article-title":"Molluscicidal activity against Oncomelania hupensis of Ginkgo biloba","volume":"89","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1179\/136485909X451780","article-title":"Molluscicidal activity of the plant Eupatorium adenophorum against Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host snail of Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"103","author":"Zou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"289","article-title":"Molluscicidal effect of Eomecon chionantha alkaloids against Oncomelania hupensis snails","volume":"42","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"122","article-title":"Studies on standardization of methods for screening molluscicides in laboratory I Volume of molluscicidal solution to influence the efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schisto. Control"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"263","article-title":"Studies on standardization of methods for screening molluscicides in laboratory II Quantity of snails used to influence the efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schisto. Control."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"346","article-title":"Studies on standardization of methods for screening molluscicides in laboratory III Breeding time of snails to influence the efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schisto. Control."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"35","article-title":"Studies on standardization of methods for screening molluscicides in laboratory IV breeding time of snails to influence the efficacy","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schisto. Control."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/3\/3086\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:10Z","timestamp":1760216950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/3\/3086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph110303086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph110303086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]}}}