{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:44:49Z","timestamp":1787028289017,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]],"date-time":"2014-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The optimization of malaria control strategies is complicated by constraints posed by local health systems, infrastructure, limited resources, and the complex interactions between infection, disease, and treatment. The purpose of this paper is to describe the protocol of a randomized factorial study designed to address this research gap. This project will evaluate two malaria control interventions in Mvomero District, Tanzania: (1) a disease management strategy involving early detection and treatment by community health workers using rapid diagnostic technology; and (2) vector control through community-supported larviciding. Six study villages were assigned to each of four groups (control, early detection and treatment, larviciding, and early detection and treatment plus larviciding). The primary endpoint of interest was change in malaria infection prevalence across the intervention groups measured during annual longitudinal cross-sectional surveys. Recurring entomological surveying, household surveying, and focus group discussions will provide additional valuable insights. At baseline, 962 households across all 24 villages participated in a household survey; 2,884 members from 720 of these households participated in subsequent malariometric surveying. The study design will allow us to estimate the effect sizes of different intervention mixtures. Careful documentation of our study protocol may also serve other researchers designing field-based intervention trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110505317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]],"date-time":"2014-05-16T12:09:04Z","timestamp":1400242144000},"page":"5317-5332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Randomized Longitudinal Factorial Design to Assess Malaria Vector Control and Disease Management Interventions in  Rural Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Randall","family":"Kramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Mboera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research, 2448 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kesheni","family":"Senkoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research, 2448 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriane","family":"Lesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Shayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research, 2448 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street,  Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2013). World Malaria Report 2013, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (2008). Medium Term Malaria Strategic Plan, 2008\u20132013."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.85","article-title":"The economic burden of malaria","volume":"64","author":"Gallup","year":"2001","journal-title":"Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.196","article-title":"A threshold analysis of the cost-effectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapies in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"71","author":"Coleman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"337","article-title":"Efficacy of chloroquine on plasmodium falciparum transmitted at Amani, eastern Usambara Mountains, north-east Tanzania: An area where malaria has recently become endemic","volume":"96","author":"Fowler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00974.x","article-title":"Increasing antimalarial drug resistance in Uganda and revision of the national drug policy","volume":"7","author":"Kamya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39073.496829.AE","article-title":"Rapid diagnostic tests compared with malaria microscopy for guiding outpatient treatment of febrile illness in Tanzania: Randomised trial","volume":"334","author":"Reyburn","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-21","article-title":"An interactive model for the assessment of the economic costs and benefits of different rapid diagnostic tests for malaria","volume":"7","author":"Lubell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"101","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of malaria diagnostic methods in sub-Saharan Africa in an era of combinational therapy","volume":"86","author":"Shillcutt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. WHO"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Bos, R. (2001, January 18\u201319). Identifying Opportunities to Avert Malaria Risk Across Sectors. Proceedings of  the 4th Global Partnership Meeting to Roll Back Malaria, Washington, D.C., USA."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2004). Global Strategic Framework for Integrated Vector Management, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutero, C.M., Schlodder, D., Kabatereine, N., and Kramer, R. (2012). Integrated vector management for malaria control in Uganda: Knowledge, perceptions and policy development. Malar. J., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-21"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedercini, M., Blanco, M.S., and Kopainsky, B. (2011). Application of the malaria management model to the analysis of costs and benefits of DDT vs. non-DDT malaria control. PLoS One, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027771"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2174\/1876397901002010016","article-title":"Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on the nontarget organisms Triops cancriformis, Branchipus schaefferi, Leptestheria dahalacensis (crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca, anostraca, spinicauda)","volume":"2","author":"Eder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Environ. Pollut. Toxicol. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-76","article-title":"Microbial larvicides for malaria control in The Gambia","volume":"6","author":"Majambere","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fillinger, U., Kannady, K., William, G., Vanek, M.J., Dongus, S., Nyika, D., Geissbuhler, Y., Chaki, P.P., Govella, N.J., and Mathenge, E.M. (2008). A tool box for operational mosquito larval control: Preliminary results and early lessons from the Urban Malaria Control Programme in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malar. J., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-20"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Magesa, S.M., Athumani, Y., Barongo, V., Sambu, E.Z., Senkoro, K.P., Mboera, L.E.G., Sandra, M.R., Reynaldo, G.V., Aramis, R.G., and Kitua, A.Y. (2009). Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis (Bactivec\u00ae) and Bacillus sphaericus (Griselesf\u00ae) for Control of Mosquito Larvae: A Field Trial in Mvomero and Bagamoyo Districts, Tanzania, National Institute for Medical Research."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Mboera, L.E.G., Kilale, A.M., Manumbu, R.N., Kilima, S.P., Mwaseba, D.J.B., Range, N.S., and Edwin, T. (2009). Evidence-informed Policy-making and Priority Setting in the United Republic of Tanzania, National Institute for Medical Research."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2639","article-title":"Evidence-based global health","volume":"291","author":"Bueckens","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150009","article-title":"Implementation science","volume":"318","author":"Madon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.3","article-title":"The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya I. Development of infrastructure and description of study site","volume":"68","author":"Nahlen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.3.1007","article-title":"The illusion of sustainability","volume":"122","author":"Kremer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quart. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godlee, F. Publishing study protocols: Making them visible will improve registration, reporting and recruitment. BMC News and Views, Available online:http:\/\/www.biomedcentral.com\/content\/pdf\/1471-8219-2-4.pdf.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-8219-2-4"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Mboera, L.E.G., Mlozi, M.R.S., Senkoro, K.P., Rwegoshora, R.T., Rumisha, S.F., Mayala, S.F., Shayo, E.H., Senkondo, E., Mutayoba, B., and Mwingira, V. (2007). Malaria and agriculture in Tanzania: Impact of land-use and agricultural practices on malaria burden in Mvomero District, Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2010.198","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation in malaria transmission intensity in five agro-ecosystems in Mvomero District, Tanzania","volume":"4","author":"Mboera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geospatial Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0316","article-title":"Pyrethrum: A mixture of natural pyrethrins has potential for malaria vector control","volume":"46","author":"Duchon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2007.00674.x","article-title":"Contributions of anopheles larval control to malaria suppression in tropical Africa: Review of achievements and potential","volume":"21","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"WHO (1999). Microbial pest control agent: Bacillus thuringiensis. Environ. Health Crit., 217, 1\u2013105."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110908622","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]],"date-time":"2014-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400198400000}}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/5\/5317\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T07:50:42Z","timestamp":1754293842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/5\/5317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph110505317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph110505317","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]]}}}