{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:14:52Z","timestamp":1774631692071,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,21]],"date-time":"2014-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Studies have demonstrated a relationship between segregation and level of education, occupational opportunities, and risk behaviors, yet a paucity of research has elucidated the association between racial residential segregation, socioeconomic deprivation, and lifetime cancer risk. Objectives: We examined estimated lifetime cancer risk from air toxics by racial composition, segregation, and deprivation in census tracts in Metropolitan Charleston. Methods: Segregation indices were used to measure the distribution of groups of people from different races within neighborhoods. The Townsend Index was used to measure economic deprivation in the study area. Poisson multivariate regressions were applied to assess the association of lifetime cancer risk with segregation indices and Townsend Index along with several sociodemographic measures.  Results: Lifetime cancer risk from all pollution sources was 28 persons\/million for half of the census tracts in Metropolitan Charleston. Isolation Index and Townsend Index both showed significant correlation with lifetime cancer risk from different sources.  This significance still holds after adjusting for other sociodemographic measures in a Poisson regression, and these two indices have stronger effect on lifetime cancer risk compared to the effects of sociodemographic measures. Conclusions: We found that material deprivation, measured by the Townsend Index and segregation measured by the Isolation index, introduced high impact on lifetime cancer risk by air toxics at the  census tract level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110505510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,21]],"date-time":"2014-05-21T10:38:31Z","timestamp":1400668711000},"page":"5510-5526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Use of Segregation Indices, Townsend Index, and Air Toxics Data to Assess Lifetime Cancer Risk Disparities in Metropolitan Charleston, South Carolina, USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"LaShanta","family":"Rice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina,  915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengsheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland, 255 Valley Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sacoby","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland, 255 Valley Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Burwell-Naney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland, 255 Valley Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Samantapudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, The University of Memphis,  3825 DeSoto Avenue, Memphis, TN 38152, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bullard, R.D., Mohai, P., Saha, R., and Wright, B. 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