{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:39:08Z","timestamp":1791581948237,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]],"date-time":"2014-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aetiology and pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) is unclear but  it appears to be associated with factors that disrupt the normal acidity of the vagina thus altering the equilibrium between the normal vaginal microbiota. BV has serious implications for female morbidity, including reports of pelvic inflammatory disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and infertility.  This paper reviewed new available information regarding possible factors contributing to the establishment of the BV vaginal biofilm, examined the proposed role of anaerobic microbial species recently detected by new culture-independent methods and discusses developments related to the effects of BV on human pregnancy. The literature search included Pubmed (NLM), LISTA (EBSCO), and Web of Science. Because of the complexity and diversity of population groups, diagnosis and methodology used, no meta-analysis was performed. Several anaerobic microbial species previously missed in the laboratory diagnosis of BV have been revealed while taking cognisance of newly proposed theories of infection, thereby improving our understanding and knowledge of the complex aetiology and pathogenesis of BV and its perceived role in adverse pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110706979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]],"date-time":"2014-07-10T11:22:59Z","timestamp":1404991379000},"page":"6979-7000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Anaerobes and Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy:  Virulence Factors Contributing to Vaginal Colonisation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Charlene","family":"Africa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janske","family":"Nel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Stemmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Role of vaginal infection in fetal and neonatal mortality","volume":"63","author":"Donati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishaque, S., Yakoob, M.Y., Imdad, A., Goldenberg, R.L., Eisele, T.P., and Bhutta, Z.A. 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