{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T09:12:59Z","timestamp":1793697179591,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]],"date-time":"2014-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To assess environmental and horse-level risk factors associated with West Nile Virus (WNV) circulation in Camargue, Southern France, a serosurvey was conducted on non-vaccinated horses (n = 1159 from 134 stables) in 2007 and 2008. Fifteen Landsat images were examined to quantify areas with open water and flooded vegetation around sampled horses. Mean percentages of areas of open water and flooded vegetation, as well as variations in these percentages between 3 periods (November to February = NOT, March to July = END and August to October = EPI), were calculated for buffers of 2 km radius around the stables. Results of the final logistic regression showed that the risk of WNV seropositivity in horses decreased with their date of acquisition and age. Results also demonstrated the significant role of environmental variables. Horse serological status was associated with variations of open water areas between the NOT (November to February) and END (March to July) periods, as well as between END and EPI (August to October). WNV spillover was found more intense in areas where water level decreased strongly from winter to spring and from spring to summer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110807740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]],"date-time":"2014-08-04T08:06:18Z","timestamp":1407139578000},"page":"7740-7754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Importance of Wetlands Management for West Nile Virus Circulation Risk, Camargue, Southern France"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Pradier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, UR346 Epid\u00e9miologie Animale, Saint Gen\u00e8s Champanelle F-63122, France"},{"name":"INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INP-ENVT, Toulouse F-31076, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Sandoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche pour la Conservation des Zones Humides M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes, Fondation Tour du Valat, Arles F-13200, France"},{"name":"UFR Sciences, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, Marseille F-13003, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INP-ENVT, Toulouse F-31076, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ga\u00ebtan","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche pour la Conservation des Zones Humides M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes, Fondation Tour du Valat, Arles F-13200, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5463-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annelise","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UPR Animal et Gestion Int\u00e9gr\u00e9e des Risques (AGIRs), Montpellier F-34398, France"},{"name":"CIRAD, UMR Territoires Environnement T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection et Information Spatiale (TETIS),  Montpellier F-34398, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josiane","family":"Maingault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 Virologie, INRA, ANSES, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort F-94703, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Lecollinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 Virologie, INRA, ANSES, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort F-94703, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Leblond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, UR346 Epid\u00e9miologie Animale, Saint Gen\u00e8s Champanelle F-63122, France"},{"name":"Equine Department, Vetagrosup, Marcy L'Etoile F-69280, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000328320","article-title":"West Nile virus: The complex biology of an emerging pathogen","volume":"54","author":"Ulbert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0593","article-title":"West Nile virus outbreak detection using syndromic monitoring in horses","volume":"7","author":"Leblond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12211","article-title":"West Nile virus in Europe: Emergence, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"19","author":"Sambri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. 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