{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T06:37:29Z","timestamp":1785220649934,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,6]],"date-time":"2014-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanism of the effects of simulated heat waves on cardiovascular disease in senile mice was investigated. Heat waves were simulated in a TEM1880 meteorological environment simulation chamber, according to a heat wave that occurred in July 2001 in Nanjing, China. Eighteen senile mice were divided into control, heat wave, and heat wave BH4 groups, respectively. Mice in the heat wave and heat wave BH4 groups were exposed to simulated heat waves in the simulation chamber. The levels of ET-1, NO, HSP60, SOD, TNF, sICAM-1, and HIF-1\u03b1 in each group of mice were measured after heat wave simulation. Results show that heat waves decreased SOD activity in the myocardial tissue of senile mice, increased NO, HSP60, TNF, sICAM-1, and HIF-1\u03b1 levels, and slightly decreased ET-1 levels, BH4 can relieve the effects of heat waves on various biological indicators. After a comprehensive analysis of the experiments above, we draw the followings conclusions regarding the influence of heat waves on senile mice: excess HSP60 activated immune cells, and induced endothelial cells and macrophages to secrete large amounts of ICAM-1, TNF-\u03b1, and other inflammatory cytokines, it also activated the inflammation response in the body and damaged the coronary endothelial cell structure, which increased the permeability of blood vessel intima and decreased SOD activity in cardiac tissues. The oxidation of lipoproteins in the blood increased, and large amounts of cholesterol were generated. Cholesterol penetrated the intima and deposited on the blood vessel wall, forming atherosclerosis and leading to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in senile mice. These results maybe are useful for studying the effects of heat waves on elderly humans, which we discussed in the discussion chapter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110807841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,6]],"date-time":"2014-08-06T11:04:13Z","timestamp":1407323053000},"page":"7841-7855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of Simulated Heat Waves on Cardiovascular Functions in Senile Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiakun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Oklahoma State University, 219 MSCS, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, 2070 Donggang East Road, Lanzhou 730020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baojian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Central Meteorological Observatory, 2070 Donggang East Road, Lanzhou 730020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinwen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Study and analysis of relationship between CVD and weather conditions and the establishment of medical forecast in Jilin Province","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Research progress in impact of heat wave on human health","volume":"3","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116680","article-title":"Outdoor air temperature and mortality in the Netherlands: A time-series analysis","volume":"137","author":"Kunst","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Lu, C., and Li, Q. (2003, January 8\u201310). Survey report of cardiovascular disease in summer high temperatures of 2002, Beijing. Proceedings of the Chinese Meteorological Society 2003 Annual Meeting, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Hu, S., and Kong, L. (2011). Report on Cardiovascular Disease in China (2010), Encyclopedia of China Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8124679","article-title":"Individual and public-program adaptation: Coping with heat waves in five cities in Canada","volume":"8","author":"Alberini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110201549","article-title":"Effects of simulated heat waves on ApoE-\/- mice","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899509002593","article-title":"Endogenous nitric oxide in cardiovascular disease and transplantation","volume":"27","author":"Dusting","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06663-3","article-title":"Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology","volume":"43","author":"Moncada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2002.121687","article-title":"Novel cardio protective effects of tetrahydrobiopterin after anoxia and reoxygenation: Identifying cellular targets for pharmacologic manipulation","volume":"123","author":"Verma","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02292","article-title":"Detection of HSP60 on the membrane surface of stressed human endothelial cells by atomic force and co focal microscopy","volume":"118","author":"Pfister","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"457","article-title":"The correlation between serum HSP60 levels and the severity of coronary lesions of the aged","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geriatr. Heart Brain Vessel Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.781856","article-title":"Elevated heat shock protein 60 levels are associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"206","article-title":"Induction of oral tolerance to HSP60 and its effects in the progression of atherosclerotic plaque in mice","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(03)00088-0","article-title":"Autoimmunity to heat shock proteins in atherosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Mandal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Autoimmunity Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"873","article-title":"Achievement in SOD mimics with antioxidant and anti-inflammation functions","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"757","article-title":"New research progress of the oxidative stress-inflammation\u2019s role in the development of atherosclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Arterioscler."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Wang, W. (2004). Study of Tetrahydrobiopterin on Isolated Rat Heart after Myocardialischemia Reperfusion Injury. [Ph.D. Thesis, China Medical University]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1030123","article-title":"Circulating ICAM-1 (intercellular cell-adhesion molecule 1) is associated with early stages of atherosclerosis development and with inflammatory cytokines in healthy 58-year-old men: The Atherosclerosis and Insulin Resistance (AIR) study","volume":"103","author":"Hulthe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Xu, X. (2005). Research on the Relation of sE-Selectin and sICAM-1 in Type 2 Diabetes and with Lower Limb Vascular Pathological Plaque Formation. [M.D. Thesis, Tianjin Medical University]."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Xue, Y. (2008). Change of ICAM-l, sICAM-l, Expulsion Rate of ICAM-1 in Cultured EMs Endometrial Cell Stimulated by TNF-\u03b1. [M.D. Thesis, Ji\u2019nan University]."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Lin, C. (2011). The Changes and the Clinical Significance of Serum Ischemia Modified Albumin, Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. [M.D. Thesis, Qingdao University]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Fang, P., Zhao, W., Xie, Y., Wei, L., and Liu, S. (2004, January 11\u201313). Correlation of serum sICAM-1 levels and hypertriglyceridemia. Proceedings of China First National Conference on Bases and Clinics of Metabolic Syndrome, Jinan, China."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(03)00280-6","article-title":"Circulating soluble adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and incident coronary heart disease: The PRIME Study","volume":"170","author":"Luc","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-008-8150-2","article-title":"Serum IL-6 levels are associated with significant coronary stenosis in cardiovascularly asymptomatic inner-city black adults in the US","volume":"58","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"36","article-title":"Plasma tumor necrosis factor levels in aged patients with coronary heart disease or hypertension and its clinical significance","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Fujian Medical College"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"732","article-title":"On the toxic heat pathogenesis of coronary heart disease from the perspective of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"5","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Integr. Traditional West. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"446","article-title":"Distribution of adiponectinmultimers and their relationship with cardiovascular risk factors in patients with hypercholesterolemia","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2223","article-title":"Relationship among tumor ET, NO and TNF-\u03b1 in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"19","author":"Gan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Integr. Tradit. Chin. West. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"976","article-title":"Clinical investigation of fluctuation of CNP, ET, NO in blood of old male patients with CHD","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pract. Med. Tech."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1070","article-title":"Review on hypoxia-inducible factor-1 gene polymorphisms and disease-related","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"48","article-title":"Serum HIF-1\u03b1 and HO-1 levels change in patients with coronary heart disease and its significance","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contemp. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.12.025","article-title":"Hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, and macrophages in human atherosclerotic plaques are correlated with intraplaque angiogenesis","volume":"51","author":"Sluimer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Coll. Cardio. Found."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00626.2013","article-title":"Oral sapropterin augments reflex vasoconstriction in aged human skin through noradrenergic mechanisms","volume":"115","author":"Stanhewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00481.2013","article-title":"Oral sapropterin acutely augments reflex vasodilation in aged human skin through nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms","volume":"115","author":"Stanhewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph200704040001","article-title":"Effects of \u03b1-tocopherol on oxidative status and metabolic profile in overweight women","volume":"4","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"750","article-title":"Review on HSP60 and coronary atherosclerosis relations","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lab. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"The value of human heat shock protein 60 in acute coronary syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mod. Medical J."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Zhang, J. I. (2008). Investigation of the Relationship between Peripheral Artery Stenosis and Cardio-Cerebrovascular Events; II. Investigation of the Relationship between Soluble Cellular Adhesion Molecules and Ischemic Stroke. [Ph.D. Thesis, Peking Union Medical College]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.2.3.402","article-title":"Novel role for the hypoxia inducible transcription factor HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"2","author":"Cramer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/8\/7841\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:14:27Z","timestamp":1760217267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/8\/7841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph110807841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph110807841","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,6]]}}}