{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T10:38:28Z","timestamp":1791110308386,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is an important waterborne zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira. The pathogen is maintained in a population due to chronic colonization and shedding from renal tubules of domestic and wild animals. Humans and other animals become infected when they come in contact with urine from infected animals, either directly or through urine-contaminated surface water. In this study, we screened environmental water on the island of St. Kitts by using a TaqMan based real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting a pathogen specific leptospiral gene, lipl32. Our results indicate that around one-fifth of tested water sources have detectable leptospiral DNA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110807953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T10:23:22Z","timestamp":1407407002000},"page":"7953-7960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Molecular Detection of Leptospiral DNA in Environmental Water on St. Kitts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Julienne","family":"Rawlins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Portanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilana","family":"Zuckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Loftis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Ceccato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Institute for Climate and Society, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arve","family":"Willingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.09.011","article-title":"The globalization of leptospirosis: Worldwide incidence trends","volume":"12","author":"Pappas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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