{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T17:58:56Z","timestamp":1772301536580,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]],"date-time":"2014-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Exposure of biological subjects to electromagnetic fields  with a high frequency is associated with temperature elevation. In our  recent studies, we reported that non-invasive radiofrequency (RF)  treatment at 13.56 MHz with the field ranging from  1 KeV to 20 KeV\/m2 inhibits tumor progression in animals with abdominal tumor xenografts  and enhances the anticancer effect of chemotherapy. The RF treatment was  followed by temperature elevation in tumors to approximately 46 \u00b0C  during 10 min of exposure. In contrast, the temperature of normal  tissues remained within a normal range at approximately 37 \u00b0C. Whether  all biological effects of RF treatment are limited to its hyperthermic  property remains unclear. Here, we compared how RF and hyperthermia (HT)  treatments change the proliferation rate, oxygen consumption and  autophagy in malignant and nonmalignant cells. Methods: In the current  study, cancer and nonmalignant cells of pancreatic origin were exposed  to the RF field or to conventional HT at 46 \u00b0C, which was chosen based  on our previous in vivo studies of the tumor-specific RF-induced  hyperthermia. Results: Only RF treatment caused declines in cancer cell  viability and proliferation. RF treatment also affected mitochondrial  function in cancer cells more than HT treatment did and, unlike HT  treatment, was followed by the elevation of autophagosomes in the  cytoplasm of cancer cells. Importantly, the effects of RF treatment were  negligible in nonmalignant cells. Conclusion: The obtained data  indicate that the effects of RF treatment are specific to cancer cells  and are not limited to its  hyperthermic property.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110909142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]],"date-time":"2014-09-03T11:04:54Z","timestamp":1409742294000},"page":"9142-9153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The Effects of Non-Invasive Radiofrequency Treatment and Hyperthermia on Malignant and Nonmalignant Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Curley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston,  TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Palalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadezhda","family":"Koshkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.12.008","article-title":"Complications of thermal ablation of hepatic tumours: Comparison of radiofrequency and microwave ablative techniques","volume":"68","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. 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