{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:39:43Z","timestamp":1791157183749,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":266,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Within the United States, close to 45 million youths between the ages of 6 and 18 participate in some form of organized sports. While recent reviews have shown the positive effects of youth sport participation on youth health, there are also several negative factors surrounding the youth sport environment. To date, a comprehensive review of the negative physical and psychological effects of organized sport on youth has not been done and little thus far has documented the effect organized sport has on other players within a family, particularly on parents and siblings. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to conduct a review of studies on the negative effects of organized sport on the youth athlete and their parents and siblings. Articles were found by searching multiple databases (Physical Education Index and Sociology, Psychology databases (Proquest), SPORTDiscus and Health, History, Management databases (EBSCOhost), Science, Social Science,  Arts and Humanities on Web of Science (ISI), SCOPUS and Scirus (Elsevier). Results show the darker side of organized sport for actors within the family unit. A model is proposed to explain under which circumstances sport leads to positive versus negative outcomes, ideas for future research are drawn and recommendations are made to optimize the youth sport experience and family health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111010226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T10:28:17Z","timestamp":1412159297000},"page":"10226-10268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Understanding How Organized Youth Sport May Be Harming Individual Players within the Family Unit: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Corliss","family":"Bean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Fortier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karam","family":"Chima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333010-00006","article-title":"Overview of injuries in the young athlete","volume":"33","author":"Adirim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Organized extracurricular activities of Canadian children and youth","volume":"19","author":"Findlay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000060","article-title":"Overuse injuries and burnout in youth sports: A position statement from the american medical society for sports medicine","volume":"24","author":"DiFiori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.31.4.444","article-title":"Parents\u2019 perceptions of child-to-parent socialization in organized youth sport","volume":"31","author":"Dorsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sport Exercise Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.4.698","article-title":"Is extracurricular participation associated with beneficial outcomes? Concurrent and longitudinal relations","volume":"42","author":"Fredricks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"64","article-title":"Supported or pressured? An examination of agreement among parents and children on parent's role in youth sports","volume":"31","author":"Kanters","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sport Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Competitive anxiety in youth sport participants","volume":"22","author":"Barber","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Sport Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"395","article-title":"The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport","volume":"13","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.27.1.3","article-title":"Family socialization, gender, and sport motivation and involvement","volume":"27","author":"Fredricks","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sport Exercise Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-10-15","article-title":"Direct and indirect associations between the family physical activity environment and sports participation among 10\u201312 year-old european children: Testing the enrg framework in the energy project","volume":"10","author":"Timperio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.7.1.36","article-title":"All in the family: Parent\u2014Child influences in competitive youth gymnastics","volume":"7","author":"Weiss","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Fraser-Thomas, J., Strachan, L., and Jeffery-Tosoni, S. (2013). Conditions of Children\u2019s Talent Development in Sport, Fitness Information Technology."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-7-40","article-title":"Review systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth","volume":"7","author":"Janssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2006.00132.x","article-title":"Physical education and sport in schools: A review of benefits and outcomes","volume":"76","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eime, R.M., Young, J.A., Harvey, J.T., Charity, M.J., and Payne, W.R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-10-98"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1740898042000334890","article-title":"Youth sport programs: An avenue to foster positive youth development","volume":"10","author":"Deakin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagog."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"New York Times Can Playing Ball be Bad for Children?. Available online:http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/roomfordebate\/2013\/10\/10\/childrens-sportslife-balance."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738112464626","article-title":"Sports specialization in young athletes evidence-based recommendations","volume":"5","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410902929366","article-title":"Athlete burnout in elite sport: A self-determination perspective","volume":"27","author":"Lonsdale","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Alexander, K., Stafford, A., and Lewis, R. (2011). The Experiences of Children Participating in Organised Sport in the UK, National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Cairney, J., Camir\u00e9, M., and Wade, T.J. (2014). Review of the literature: Youth sport participation and psychological\/social outcomes. Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol., under review."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Clark, W. Kids\u2019 Sports. Available online:http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/11\u2013008-x\/2008001\/article\/10573-eng.htm."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2013). Organization of Sport in Canada, Available online:http:\/\/www.pch.gc.ca\/eng\/1358274913116\/1358275084531."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"184","article-title":"Practice and play in the development of sport expertise","volume":"3","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Handb. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Popay, J. (2006). Moving beyond Effectiveness in Evidence Synthesis, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"14","article-title":"Training and sports specialization risks in junior elite tennis players","volume":"16","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci. Tennis"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"3","article-title":"Psychological factors associated with overtraining: Implications for youth sport coaches","volume":"18","author":"Hollander","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sport Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Wilson, L.L. Guest post: An open letter to youth competitive dance. Available online:http:\/\/www.weightymatters.ca\/2013\/11\/guest-post-open-letter-to-youth.html."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.721560","article-title":"The specialising or sampling debate: A retrospective analysis of adolescent sports participation in the UK","volume":"31","author":"Bridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comparison of developmental activities of elite athletes born in large and small cities","volume":"4","author":"Surya","year":"2012","journal-title":"PHEnex J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/13598130304091","article-title":"Early specialization in youth sport: A requirement for adult expertise?","volume":"14","author":"Baker","year":"2003","journal-title":"High. Abil. Stud."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starkes, J., and Ericsson, K.A. (2003). Expert Performance in Sport: Recent Advances in Research on Sport Expertise, Human Kinetics.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492596257"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2009.9671889","article-title":"Issp position stand: To sample or to specialize? Seven postulates about youth sport activities that lead to continued participation and elite performance","volume":"7","author":"Lidor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Ex. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"151","article-title":"Youth sport: Positive and negative impact on young athletes","volume":"4","author":"Merkel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2008.11950150","article-title":"The schedule has been tough but we think it\u2019s worth it: The joys, challenges, and recommendations of youth sport parents","volume":"40","author":"Wiersma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leis. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostafavifar, A.M., Best, T.M., and Myer, G.D. (2013). Early sport specialisation, does it lead to long-term problems?. Brit. J. Sport. Med., 47.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-092005"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2010.10598524","article-title":"Impact of early sport specialization: A physiological perspective","volume":"81","author":"Kaleth","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Edu. Rec. Dance"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000184638.72075.b7","article-title":"Survey of sport participation and sport injury in calgary and area high schools","volume":"16","author":"Emery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.060620","article-title":"Should bodychecking be allowed in minor hockey?","volume":"175","author":"King","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e31820b95fc","article-title":"Epidemiology of sports injury in pediatric athletes","volume":"19","author":"Gottschalk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sport. Med. Arthroscopy."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2007.1","article-title":"Injuries sustained by high school rugby players in the united states, 2005\u20132006","volume":"162","author":"Collins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"441","article-title":"Injuries sustained by pediatric ice hockey, lacrosse, and field hockey athletes presenting to united states emergency departments, 1990\u20132003","volume":"41","author":"Yard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.10.958","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes","volume":"282","author":"Powell","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.016188","article-title":"Risk compensation, motivation, injuries, and biomechanics in competitive sport","volume":"39","author":"McIntosh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brit. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2165\/11537260-000000000-00000","article-title":"Combining epidemiology and biomechanics in sports injury prevention research","volume":"41","author":"Finch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0887","article-title":"Overuse injuries, overtraining, and burnout in child and adolescent athletes","volume":"119","author":"Brenner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110282","article-title":"Concussion in youth ice hockey: It\u2019s time to break the cycle","volume":"183","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3182218f71","article-title":"Sports-related injuries in youth athletes: Is overscheduling a risk factor?","volume":"21","author":"Luke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.07.007","article-title":"Injury risk is different in team and individual youth sport","volume":"16","author":"Theisen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072563","article-title":"The growing child in sport","volume":"48","author":"Maffulli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brit. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"161","article-title":"Participation motivation and attrition in young athletes","volume":"3","author":"Gould","year":"1988","journal-title":"Child. Sport"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2013.06.009","article-title":"Prevention of overuse sports injuries in the young athlete","volume":"44","author":"Paterno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthoped. Clin. N. Amer."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-46.2.206","article-title":"National athletic trainers\u2019 association position statement: Prevention of pediatric overuse injuries","volume":"46","author":"McLeod","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Superville, D. Obama to Draw Attention to Concussions in Youth Sports. Available online:http:\/\/www.ctvnews.ca\/sports\/obama-to-draw-attention-to-concussions-in-youth-sports-1.1843493."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Sandle, T. Concussions and Youth Sports. Available online:http:\/\/www.digitaljournal.com\/life\/health\/concussions-and-youth-sports\/article\/385902."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Crowe, K. Bodychecking Risks in Youth Hockey. Available online:http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/player\/Embedded-Only\/News\/Archive\/ID\/1516986143\/."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.109-4167","article-title":"Hockey concussion: Is it child abuse?","volume":"184","author":"Hemond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Stein, C.J., and Meehan, W.P. (2014). Spinal Injuries and Conditions in Young Athletes, Springer."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Basak, W.A. Concussion Epidemic in Child Sports Spurs Push on Studies. Available online:http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/2014\u201305\u201328\/facing-death-at-19-from-football-in-concussion-epidemic.html."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511435626","article-title":"Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports","volume":"40","author":"Marar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amer. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2012.654590","article-title":"Neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment of sport concussion in children, adolescents and adults","volume":"26","author":"Baillargeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.190","article-title":"Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes","volume":"142","author":"Field","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Rajabali, F., Ibrahimova, A., Turcotte, K., and Babul, S. Concussion among Children and Youth in British Columbia. Available online:http:\/\/www.injuryresearch.bc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/13\u201304\u201323-concussion-children-and-youth-supplement-april-23\u20132013_final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2013). Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture, Institute of Medicine."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2011.00684.x","article-title":"Return to play guidelines cannot solve the football\u2010related concussion problem","volume":"82","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091751","article-title":"Return to play? Athletes with congenital long QT syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brit. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"STOP Sport Injuries About Stop Sports Injuries. Available online:http:\/\/www.stopsportsinjuries.org\/about.aspx."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Hockey Canada Hockey Canada Apps. Available online:http:\/\/www.hockeycanada.ca\/en-ca\/mobile-apps.aspx."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301107","article-title":"Reducing traumatic brain injuries in youth sports: Youth sports traumatic brain injury state laws, 29 January\u2013December 2012","volume":"103","author":"Harvey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amer. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092257","article-title":"What evidence exists for new strategies or technologies in the diagnosis of sports concussion and assessment of recovery?","volume":"47","author":"Kutcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brit. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Boyer, C. (2011). Observational Analysis of Injury in Youth Ice Hockey: Putting Injury into Context, University of Ottawa."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2009.01249.x","article-title":"Head injuries related to sports and recreation activities in school\u2010age children and adolescents: Data from a referral centre in Victoria, Australia","volume":"22","author":"Crowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Australas."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181987783","article-title":"A systematic review of the association between body checking and injury in youth ice hockey","volume":"19","author":"Warsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Hockey Canada Hockey Canada\u2019s 94th Annual General Meeting Concludes in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Available online:http:\/\/www.hockeycanada.ca\/en-ca\/news\/agm-concludes-in-charlottetown."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"World Health Organization Nutrition in Adolescence\u2014Issues and Challenges for the Health Sector. Available online:http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2005\/9241593660_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/10598405050210060401","article-title":"Sports nutrition for young athletes","volume":"21","author":"Cotugna","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sch. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chircop, A., Shearer, C., Pitter, R., Sim, M., Rehman, L., Flannery, M., and Kirk, S. (2013). Privileging physical activity over healthy eating: Time to choose?. Health Promot. Int., 29.","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dat056"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chircop, A., Bassett, R., and Taylor, E. (2014). Evidence on how to practice intersectoral collaboration for health equity: A scoping review. Crit. Publ. Health.","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2014.887831"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomlin, D.L., Clarke, S.K., Day, M., McKay, H.A., and Naylor, P.J. (2013). Sports drink consumption and diet of children involved in organized sport. J. Int. Soc. Sport. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-10-38"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e318237bf74","article-title":"Do youth sports prevent pediatric obesity? A systematic review and commentary","volume":"10","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Sport. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403836","article-title":"Physical activity and nutrition among youth in rural, suburban and urban neighbourhood types","volume":"103","author":"Shearer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Publ. Health."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-46.3.322","article-title":"National athletic trainers\u2019 association position statement: Safe weight loss and maintenance practices in sport and exercise","volume":"46","author":"Turocy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.12.1.13","article-title":"Risks and benefits of youth sport specialization: Perspectives and recommendations","volume":"12","author":"Wiersma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.2.179","article-title":"A biopsychosocial model of disordered eating and the pursuit of muscularity in adolescent boys","volume":"130","author":"Ricciardelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.08.003","article-title":"Are female athletes at increased risk for disordered eating and its complications?","volume":"55","author":"Coelho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4321\/S0213-61632008000200007","article-title":"Eating disorders in college students in iceland","volume":"22","author":"Thorsteinsdottir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychiat."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.05.058","article-title":"An evaluation of eating disorders among a group of Turkish university students","volume":"51","author":"anlier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00033-4","article-title":"Eating disorder examination questionnaire: Norms for young adolescent girls","volume":"39","author":"Carter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6663(02)00125-3","article-title":"Cognitive dietary restraint is associated with eating behaviors, lifestyle practices, personality characteristics and menstrual irregularity in college women","volume":"40","author":"McLean","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.02.015","article-title":"Eating disorder risk behavior in brazilian adolescents from low socio-economic level","volume":"51","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000064935.68277.E7","article-title":"Disordered eating, menstrual irregularity, and bone mineral density in female runners","volume":"35","author":"Cobb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exercise"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.11.029","article-title":"Female athlete triad in elite swimmers of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Schtscherbyna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2006.03.002","article-title":"Anxiety of young female athletes with disordered eating behaviors","volume":"8","author":"Vardar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1867","article-title":"The american college of sports medicine (ACSM) position stand. The female athlete triad","volume":"39","author":"Nattiv","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exercise"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558403018003006","article-title":"Eating disorders in adolescent athletes","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199902000-00005","article-title":"Weight and diet concerns in finnish female and male athletes","volume":"31","author":"Fogelholm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exercise"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., and Katch, V.L. (2007). Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance: Student Resource Cd-Rom, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092561","article-title":"How to minimise the health risks to athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition, health and performance, under the auspices of the ioc medical commission","volume":"47","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brit. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318281a939","article-title":"Higher prevalence of eating disorders among adolescent elite athletes than controls","volume":"45","author":"Martinsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exercise"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2012.740504","article-title":"Eating disorders in athletes: Overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200401000-00005","article-title":"Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population","volume":"14","author":"Torstveit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.21.3.230","article-title":"Eating disorder indices and athletes: An integration","volume":"21","author":"Hausenblas","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Sport Exercise Psychol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0282-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates","volume":"14","author":"Smink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090185","article-title":"Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews","volume":"45","author":"Biddle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brit. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.06.009","article-title":"Prospective study of physical activity and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women","volume":"29","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Amer. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyes, C.L.M. (2013). Mental Well-Being, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5195-8"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Howell, A.J., Keyes, C.L.M., and Passmore, H. (2013). Research, Applications, and Interventions for Children and Adolescents, Springer."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.5","article-title":"Positive psychology: An introduction","volume":"55","author":"Seligman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Amer. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.5.410","article-title":"Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions","volume":"60","author":"Seligman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Amer. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.76.3.395","article-title":"Mental health in adolescence: Is America\u2019s youth flourishing?","volume":"76","author":"Keyes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Amer. J. Orthopsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyes, C.L.M. (2010). Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470479216.corpsy0276"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.3.539","article-title":"Mental illness and\/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health","volume":"73","author":"Keyes","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-9544.2012.00068.x","article-title":"Mental health among youth in south Australia: A survey of flourishing, languishing, struggling, and floundering","volume":"48","author":"Venning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20741","article-title":"Evaluating the psychometric properties of the mental health continuum\u2010short form (MHC\u2010SF)","volume":"67","author":"Lamers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000109","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF)","volume":"28","author":"Lamers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Herron, R.M. (2013). Media Impact on the Mental Health of Latina Adolescents in America, Saint Mary\u2019s College of California."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"411","article-title":"Mental health promotion and the prevention of mental disorders","volume":"15","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta. Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"Ommundsen, Y., L\u00f8ndal, K., and Loland, M.S. (2014). Handbook of Child Well-Being, Springer."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105308101676","article-title":"The contribution of active and passive leisure to children\u2019s well-being","volume":"14","author":"Holder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/04419057.2004.9674365","article-title":"Enhancing youth development through sport","volume":"46","author":"Danish","year":"2004","journal-title":"World Leis. J."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/17509840701834573","article-title":"Life skills development through sport: Current status and future directions","volume":"1","author":"Gould","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Excer. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt, N.L., and Jones, M.I. (2008). Posiive. Youth Development Through Sport, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203944783"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"63","article-title":"A framework for planning youth sport programs that foster psychosocial development","volume":"19","author":"Petitpas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merglen, A., Flatz, A., B\u00e9langer, R.E., Michaud, P.-A., and Suris, J.-C. (2013). Weekly sport practice and adolescent well-being. Arch. Dis. Child., archdischild-2013\u2013303729.","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-303729"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.11.006","article-title":"Sport participation and alcohol and illicit drug use in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"39","author":"Kwan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690213507718","article-title":"Adolescent sport participation and alcohol use: The importance of sport organization and the wider social context","volume":"49","author":"Halldorsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sociol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02422.x","article-title":"Does sports participation during adolescence prevent later alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use?","volume":"104","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200600653758","article-title":"Sport-type differences in alcohol use among intercollegiate athletes","volume":"18","author":"Martens","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.03.011","article-title":"The association between sports participation, alcohol use and aggression and violence: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Kremer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.12.021","article-title":"Exercise and substance use among american youth, 1991\u20132009","volume":"40","author":"Johnston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amer. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042613491107","article-title":"Participation in team sports and alcohol and marijuana use initiation trajectories","volume":"44","author":"Lisha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Drug Issues"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.032","article-title":"Relationship of high school and college sports participation with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use: A review","volume":"35","author":"Lisha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2010.00520.x","article-title":"Relationships between youth sport participation and selected health risk behaviors from 1999 to 2007","volume":"80","author":"Taliaferro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.02.031","article-title":"Sport and physical activity participation and substance use among adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.421","article-title":"Creatine use among young athletes","volume":"108","author":"Metzl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"133","article-title":"Burnout in organizational settings","volume":"5","author":"Maslach","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Soc. Psychol. Annu."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1108\/13620430910966406","article-title":"Burnout: 35 years of research and practice","volume":"14","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Career Dev. Int."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.397","article-title":"Job burnout","volume":"52","author":"Maslach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tenenbaum, G., and Eklund, R. (2007). Handbook of Sport Psychology, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118270011"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"127","article-title":"Burnout in sport: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Goodger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gustafsson, H., Kentt\u00e4, G., Hassm\u00e9n, P., and Lundqvist, C. (2007). Prevalence of burnout in competitive adolescent athletes. Sport Psychol., 21\u201337.","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.21.1.21"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200903018667","article-title":"An evaluation of personal and contextual factors in competitive youth sport","volume":"21","author":"Strachan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2010.10598525","article-title":"Early sport specialization: A psychological perspective","volume":"81","author":"Gould","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Recreat. Dance"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2007.11.004","article-title":"A qualitative analysis of burnout in elite swedish athletes","volume":"9","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2010.09.003","article-title":"Antecedents of burnout among elite dancers: A longitudinal test of basic needs theory","volume":"12","author":"Quested","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"186","article-title":"Athlete engagement in elite sport: An exploratory investigation of antecedents and consequences","volume":"23","author":"Hodge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181fe3166","article-title":"Early sport specialization: Roots, effectiveness, risks","volume":"9","author":"Malina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1086\/461664","article-title":"Burnout in youth sports","volume":"91","author":"Rotella","year":"1991","journal-title":"Elem. School J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690209104797","article-title":"Evaluation of the elite schools of sport empirical findings from an individual and collective point of view","volume":"44","author":"Emrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Soc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/17408980601060358","article-title":"Developmental activities that lead to dropout and investment in sport","volume":"12","author":"Wall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagog."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2007.08.003","article-title":"Understanding dropout and prolonged engagement in adolescent competitive sport","volume":"9","author":"Deakin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.6.4.572","article-title":"Youth sport specialization: How to manage competition and training","volume":"6","author":"Capranica","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"82","article-title":"The relationship between youth sport specialization and involvement in sport and physical activity in young adulthood","volume":"36","author":"Russell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sport Behav."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2014.04.003","article-title":"Correlates of youth sport attrition: A review and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Balish","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deci, E.L., and Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior, Plenum.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01","article-title":"The what and why of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior","volume":"11","author":"Deci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagger, M.S., and Chatzisarantis, N.L.D. (2007). Intrinsic Motivation Self-Determination in Exercise and Sport, Human Kinetics.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718206632"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2009.10599575","article-title":"Predicting changes in athletes\u2019 well being from changes in need satisfaction over the course of a competitive season","volume":"80","author":"Amorose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Quart. Exercise Sport"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.53841\/bpssepr.2011.7.2.23","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the darker side of athletic experience: The role of interpersonal control and need thwarting","volume":"7","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sport Exercise Psych. Rev."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"1","article-title":"American youth sport participation","volume":"2","author":"Ewing","year":"1990","journal-title":"President\u2019s Council Phys. Fit. Sport."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2007.01.005","article-title":"Understanding enjoyment in youth sport: A developmental perspective","volume":"9","author":"McCarthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.15.1.1","article-title":"An introduction to the sport commitment model","volume":"15","author":"Scanlan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Sport Exercise Psychol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.11.4.355","article-title":"A season-long investigation of fun in youth sports","volume":"11","author":"Wankel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Sport Exercise Psychol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.13.2.131","article-title":"Determinants of sport commitment among junior tennis players: Enjoyment as a mediating variable","volume":"13","author":"Weiss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014805132406","article-title":"Association between perceived autonomy support, forms of self-regulation and persistence: A longitudinal study","volume":"25","author":"Pelletier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Motiv. Emotion."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.98","article-title":"Motivation and dropout in female handballers: A 21\u2010month prospective study","volume":"32","author":"Sarrazin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.2014-0009","article-title":"Developmental considerations in youth athlete burnout: A model for youth sport participants","volume":"8","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"24","article-title":"Competitive and recreational sport structures and gender: A test of their relationship with sport motivation","volume":"26","author":"Fortier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200903421267","article-title":"The motivational atmosphere in youth sport: Coach, parent, and peer influences on motivation in specializing sport participants","volume":"22","author":"Keegan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psych."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/1041-6080(89)90010-1","article-title":"Individual differences in academic motivation: Perceived ability, goals, beliefs, and values","volume":"1","author":"Nicholls","year":"1989","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.91.3.328","article-title":"Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance","volume":"91","author":"Nicholls","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/026404100365018","article-title":"Examination of the psychometric properties of the perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire-2 in a sample of female athletes","volume":"18","author":"Newton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024934","article-title":"A longitudinal examination of coach and peer motivational climates in youth sport: Implications for moral attitudes, well-being, and behavioral investment","volume":"48","author":"Ntoumanis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.6.2.166","article-title":"The coach-created motivational climate, young athletes\u2019 well-being, and intentions to continue participation","volume":"6","author":"Alvarez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"32","article-title":"The role of enjoyment and motivational climate in relation to the personal development of team sport athletes","volume":"25","author":"MacDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahoney, J.L., Larson, R.W., and Eccles, J.S. (2005). Organized Activities as Contexts of Development: Extracurricular Activities, After-School and Community Programs, Lawrence Erlbaum.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410612748"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.29.1.39","article-title":"Effects of a motivational climate intervention for coaches on young athletes\u2019 sport performance anxiety","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sport Exercise Psychol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2008.06.007","article-title":"Social and motivational predictors of continued youth sport participation","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"18","article-title":"The role of parents in tennis success: Focus group interviews with junior coaches","volume":"22","author":"Gould","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.4.1.69","article-title":"How parents influence junior tennis players\u2019 development: Qualitative narratives","volume":"4","author":"Lauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"211","article-title":"Coaching behavior research and intervention in youth sports","volume":"2","author":"Smoll","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child. Youth Sport"},{"key":"ref_182","unstructured":"Meyers, D. Happy Girl, Sad Girl: Shawn Johnson And Dominique Moceanu Tell The Two Stories People Want From Their Sport. Available online:http:\/\/deadspin.com\/5929406\/happy-girl-sad-girl-shawn-johnson-and-dominique-moceanu-tell-the-two-stories-people-want-from-their-sport."},{"key":"ref_183","unstructured":"Engh, F. (2002). Why Johnny Hates Sports, Square One Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.31.2.189","article-title":"Examining intrinsic vs. extrinsic exercise goals: Cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes","volume":"31","author":"Sebire","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sport Exercise Psychol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S1469-0292(02)00047-X","article-title":"Parental involvement and athletes\u2019 career in youth sport","volume":"5","author":"Wuerth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"28","article-title":"Predicting youth participation in extracurricular recreational activities: Relationships with individual, parent, and family characteristics","volume":"26","author":"Barnett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Park Recreat. Adm."},{"key":"ref_187","unstructured":"Mazer, C., and Anderson, D. (2013). Parental Involvement in Youth Sports: An Examination of Team Grennville, Clemson University."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1123\/ssj.25.4.538","article-title":"More than just letting them play: Parental influence on women\u2019s lifetime sport involvement","volume":"25","author":"Dixon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Sport J."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.4.519","article-title":"Children\u2019s competence and value beliefs from childhood through adolescence: Growth trajectories in two male-sex-typed domains","volume":"38","author":"Fredricks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2007.08.001","article-title":"Parental involvement in competitive youth sport settings","volume":"9","author":"Holt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802603871","article-title":"Understanding parental stressors: An investigation of british tennis-parents","volume":"27","author":"Harwood","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2009.01.005","article-title":"Stress in youth sport: A developmental investigation of tennis parents","volume":"10","author":"Harwood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200701788172","article-title":"The effects of athlete retirement on parents","volume":"20","author":"Lally","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/02614360500467735","article-title":"The good father: Parental expectations and youth sports","volume":"25","author":"Coakley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leis. Stud."},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"Thompson, S.M. (1999). Mother\u2019s Taxi: Sport and Women\u2019s Labor, State University of New York Press."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(01)00314-2","article-title":"Parental provision of transportation for adolescent physical activity","volume":"21","author":"Hoefer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Amer. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_197","first-page":"250","article-title":"Parental influence on sport participation in elite young athletes","volume":"43","author":"Maffulli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sport. Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/1740898970020105","article-title":"Time commitments in junior sport: Social consequences for participants and their families","volume":"2","author":"Kirk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_199","unstructured":"Scool and Sports How Much do Parents \u201cReally\u201d Spend on Youth Sports?. Available online:http:\/\/schooloversports.wordpress.com\/2012\/07\/17\/how-much-do-parents-really-spend-on-youth-sports\/."},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"Helliker, K. The Problem for Sports Parents: Overspending Large Amounts of Money Can Transform Parental Support into Pressure. Available online:http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/news\/articles\/SB10001424052702303851804579558103723377142."},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"Hageman, W. Study Finds that Parental Spending on Kids\u2019 Sports may be Misguided. Available online:http:\/\/articles.chicagotribune.com\/2014\u201305\u201320\/features\/sc-fam-0520-kids-sports-cost-20140520_1_youth-sports-kids-sports-careers."},{"key":"ref_202","unstructured":"Lemon, J. Parent to Parent: Where to Spend Money in Youth Sports. Available online:http:\/\/www.dailyherald.com\/article\/20131101\/entlife\/711019982\/."},{"key":"ref_203","unstructured":"Newhouse-Bailey, M.J. Understanding the Impact of Youth Participation in Organized Sport on Family Functioning. Available online:http:\/\/repositories.lib.utexas.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/2152\/ETD-UT-2012\u201305\u20135864\/NEWHOUSE-BAILEY-DISSERTATION.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_204","unstructured":"CBC News Is the Good Old Hockey Game Only for the Rich?. Available online:http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/thecurrent\/episode\/2013\/12\/02\/is-canadas-favourite-sport-becoming-a-game-for-the-rich-only\/."},{"key":"ref_205","unstructured":"Campbell, K., and Parcels, J. (2013). Selling the Dream, Penguin Group Canada."},{"key":"ref_206","unstructured":"CBC News Keeping Your Kid in Hockey Costs $1600\/Year, Says Study. Available online:http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/edmonton\/keeping-your-kid-in-hockey-costs-1\u2013600-year-says-study-1.2671649."},{"key":"ref_207","unstructured":"Hyman, M. (2012). The Most Expensive Game in Town: The Rising Cost of Youth Sports and the Toll on Today\u2019s Families, Beacon Press."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.23.4.281","article-title":"Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure","volume":"23","author":"Raedeke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sport Exercise Psychol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X000062004","article-title":"Sporting excellence: A family affair?","volume":"6","author":"Kay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_210","unstructured":"Trussell, D.E. (2009). Organized Youth Sport, Parenthood Ideologies and Gender Relations: Parents\u2019 and Children\u2019s Experiences and the Construction of \u201cTeam Family\u201d, University of Waterloo."},{"key":"ref_211","unstructured":"Weiss, M.R. (2004). Developmental Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Lifespan Perspective, Fitness Information Technology Inc."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2007.11950112","article-title":"\u201cDaddy\u2019s gone and he\u2019ll be back in october\u201d: Farm women\u2019s experiences of family leisure","volume":"39","author":"Trussell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leis. Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harwood, C.G., and Knight, C.J. (2014). Parenting in youth sport: A position paper on parenting expertise. Psychol. Sport Exerc.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2014.03.001"},{"key":"ref_214","unstructured":"Arendell, T. (2001). Minding the Time in Family Experience and Issues, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_215","unstructured":"Dorsch, T.E. (2013). Parent Sport Socialization, Goals and Verbal Sideline Behavior, and Support and Pressure in Organized Youth Sport, Purdue University."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2589.2012.00129.x","article-title":"Parental involvement, pressure, and support in youth sport: A narrative literature review","volume":"4","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Fam. Ther. Rev."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2005.00349.x","article-title":"Democratic community initiatives: The case of overscheduled children","volume":"54","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam. Relat."},{"key":"ref_218","unstructured":"Hedstrom, R., and Gould, D.R. Research in Youth Sports: Critical Issues Status. Available online:http:\/\/www.educ.msu.edu\/ysi\/project\/criticalissuesyouthsports.pdf."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200590932416","article-title":"Talent development in elite junior tennis: Perceptions of players, parents, and coaches","volume":"17","author":"Wolfenden","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2000.01173.x","article-title":"Scholarship on fatherhood in the 1990s and beyond","volume":"62","author":"Marsiglio","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"ref_221","unstructured":"Coble, C.J. (2010). Female Parent-Coach Experiences Coaching Daughters in Youth Sport, Michigan State University."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smr.2008.09.002","article-title":"From their perspective: A qualitative examination of physical activity and sport programming for working mothers","volume":"12","author":"Dixon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sport Manage Rev."},{"key":"ref_223","first-page":"128","article-title":"Youth sport volunteer coach motivation","volume":"15","author":"Busser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Manag. Leis."},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"84","article-title":"Youth sport coaches: Factors that predict satisfaction with the coaching experience","volume":"78","author":"Paiement","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Quart. Exercise Sport"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S1441-3523(06)70023-7","article-title":"Volunteer management practices and volunteer retention: A human resource management approach","volume":"9","author":"Cuskelly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sport Manage Rev."},{"key":"ref_226","first-page":"17","article-title":"\u201cThree years tops\u201d how long can you effectively coach an athlete?","volume":"1","author":"McCann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Olymp. Coach"},{"key":"ref_227","unstructured":"Gillis, C. The New Hockey Fights. Available online:http:\/\/www.macleans.ca\/society\/life\/the-new-minor-hockey-fights\/."},{"key":"ref_228","first-page":"286","article-title":"The parent-coach\/child-athlete relationship in youth sport: Cordial, contentious, or conundrum?","volume":"76","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res. Quart. Exercise Sport"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6757.2010.01071.x","article-title":"\u201cBoy eternal\u201d: Aging, games, and masculinity in the winter\u2019s tale","volume":"40","author":"Bloom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Engl. Lit. Renaiss."},{"key":"ref_230","unstructured":"Scraton, S., and Flintoff, A. (2002). Gender and Sport: A Reader, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690211420487","article-title":"Gendered homophobia in sport and coaching: Understanding the everyday experiences of lesbian coaches","volume":"47","author":"Norman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sociol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/21640629.2012.695891","article-title":"Barriers and supports for female coaches: An ecological model","volume":"1","author":"LaVoi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sport. Coach. Rev."},{"key":"ref_233","unstructured":"Statistics Canada (2011). General Social Survey\u20142010: Overview of the Time Use of Canadians, Minister of Industry."},{"key":"ref_234","unstructured":"Daly, M. (2004). Welfare State Change towards Third Way, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2005.00321.x","article-title":"The construction of motherhood: Tasks, relational connection, and gender equality","volume":"54","author":"Cowdery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam. Relat."},{"key":"ref_236","unstructured":"Grundtner Koch, C.E. (2012). The Adult Dramaturgy of Youth Hockey: The Myths and Rituals of the \u201cHockey Family\u201d. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Leadership, University of St. Thomas]."},{"key":"ref_237","first-page":"10","article-title":"\u201cRoll up and spend your last dime\u201d. The merry-go-round of children\u2019s extracurricular activities in modern society","volume":"48","author":"Townsend","year":"2001","journal-title":"Achper Aust Healthy Lifestyles J."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/02614360500418589","article-title":"Rising to the challenge: Fathers\u2019 role in the negotiation of couple time","volume":"25","author":"Dyck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leis. Stud."},{"key":"ref_239","unstructured":"Stinnett, N., Chesser, B., DeFrain, J., and Knaub, P. (1982). Family Strengths, University of Nebraska Press."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.18.4.410","article-title":"Correlates of physical activity in a national sample of girls and boys in grades 4 through 12","volume":"18","author":"Sallis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_241","first-page":"217","article-title":"Siblings\u2014Friends or foes?","volume":"79","author":"Pike","year":"2009","journal-title":"Childhood"},{"key":"ref_242","first-page":"269","article-title":"Social influence in sport","volume":"3","author":"Partridge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Sport Psych."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicirelli, V.G. (1995). Sibling Relationships across the Life Span, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-6509-0"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-4-54","article-title":"Social support for youth physical activity: Importance of siblings, parents, friends and school support across a segmented school day","volume":"4","author":"Hohepa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/1740898000050205","article-title":"Influence of parents\u2019 and siblings\u2019 physical activity on activity levels of adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Raudsepp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_246","first-page":"33","article-title":"Relationship between birth order and participation in dangerous sports","volume":"48","author":"Casher","year":"1977","journal-title":"Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_247","first-page":"62","article-title":"Birth order and preference for dangerous sports among males","volume":"47","author":"Yiannakis","year":"1976","journal-title":"Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.2307\/1130750","article-title":"Perceptions of sibling relationships during middle childhood and adolescence","volume":"61","author":"Buhrmester","year":"1990","journal-title":"Child. Dev."},{"key":"ref_249","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9, J., and Fraser-Thomas, J. (2007). Youth involvement in sport. Sport Psychol., 270\u2013298."},{"key":"ref_250","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9, J. Coaching Youth: Meeting the Challenge, Raising Our Games. Available online:http:\/\/www.gaa.ie\/content\/files\/Jean%20Cote.pdf."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duda, J. L. (2014). The conceptual and empirical foundations of Empowering CoachingTM: Setting the stage for the PAPA project. Available online:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197X.2013.839414.","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2013.839414"},{"key":"ref_252","unstructured":"Bean, C.N., Fortier, M., and Post, C. (2014). Does sport help or harm mental health? Examining flourishing in adolescent athletes. to be submitted."},{"key":"ref_253","first-page":"3","article-title":"Understanding adolescents\u2019 positive and negative developmental experiences in sport","volume":"23","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_254","unstructured":"Hockey Canada Concussion Prevention Resource Centre. Available online:http:\/\/www.hockeycanada.ca\/en-ca\/hockey-programs\/safety\/concussions\/facts-and-prevention.aspx."},{"key":"ref_255","unstructured":"Bernhardt, D.T., and Roberts, W.O. (2014). Preparticipation Physical Evaluation, American Academy of Pediatrics. [4 ed.]."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2010.06.1780","article-title":"Sports injuries in young athletes: Long-term outcome and prevention strategies","volume":"38","author":"Maffulli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_257","unstructured":"Ryan, J. (1995). Little Girls in Pretty Boxes: The Making and Breaking of Elite Gymnasts and Figure Skaters, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bean, C.N., Forneris, T., and Robidoux, M.A. (2014). The perspective of Ontario girls\u2019 youth hockey as an alternative sport model. Women Sport Phys. Act. J., in press.","DOI":"10.1123\/wspaj.2014-0007"},{"key":"ref_259","unstructured":"Respect in Sport. Available online:http:\/\/respectinsport.com\/."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/21520704.2011.584246","article-title":"Strategies for helping coaches facilitate positive youth development through sport","volume":"2","author":"Forneris","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sport Psychol. Act."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt, N.L. (2008). Positive Youth Development Through Sport, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203944783"},{"key":"ref_262","unstructured":"Eccles, J., and Gootman, J. (2002). Community Programs to Promote Youth Development, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_263","unstructured":"Donnelly, P., and Kidd, B. The Sochi Inspiration Won\u2019t Get Canadians off the Couch. Available online:http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/globe-debate\/olympic-inspiration-wont-get-us-off-the-couch\/article17069394\/."},{"key":"ref_264","unstructured":"Griffin, B.M. (2014). The only six words parents need to say to their kids about sports\u2014Or any performance, Fuller Youth Institute."},{"key":"ref_265","unstructured":"Goldberg, S. Quitting Activities: Choose Dolphin Parent over Tiger Mom. Available online:http:\/\/www.todaysparent.com\/family\/activities\/kids-quitting-activities-dolphin-parent-tiger-mom\/."},{"key":"ref_266","unstructured":"Datko, K. The High Cost of Youth Sports. Available online:http:\/\/money.msn.com\/saving-money-tips\/post.aspx?post=673566d4-b94f-4f33-a1bf-39fb416498f4."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/10\/10226\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:16:36Z","timestamp":1760217396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/10\/10226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"references-count":266,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph111010226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph111010226","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]}}}