{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:07:01Z","timestamp":1792724821868,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AA014606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AA014606"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH65871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH65871"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000096","name":"National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P60MD006909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P60MD006909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined associations between alcohol misuse and childhood maltreatment and out-of-home placement among urban lesbian, gay, and bisexual (referred to as two-spirit) American Indian and Alaska Native adults. In a multi-site study, data were obtained from 294 individuals who consumed alcohol during the past year. The results indicated that 72.3% of men and 62.4% of women engaged in hazardous and harmful alcohol use and 50.8% of men and 48.7% of women met criteria for past-year alcohol dependence. The most common types of childhood maltreatment were physical abuse among male drinkers (62.7%) and emotional abuse (71.8%) among female drinkers. Men and women reported high percentages of out-of-home placement (39% and 47%, respectively). Logistic multiple regressions found that for male drinkers boarding school attendance and foster care placement were significant predictors of past-year alcohol dependence. For female drinkers, being adopted was significantly associated with a decreased risk of past-year drinking binge or spree. Dose-response relationships, using number of childhood exposures as a predictor, were not significant. The results highlight the need for alcohol and violence prevention and intervention strategies among urban  two-spirit individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111010461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T10:28:18Z","timestamp":1413282498000},"page":"10461-10479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Alcohol Misuse and Associations with Childhood Maltreatment and Out-of-Home Placement among Urban Two-Spirit American Indian and Alaska Native People"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, P.O. Box 245209, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357660, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indigenous Wellness Research Institute, School of Social Work, University of Washington,  4101 15th Avenue NE, Box 354900, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indigenous Wellness Research Institute, School of Social Work, University of Washington,  4101 15th Avenue NE, Box 354900, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Evans-Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indigenous Wellness Research Institute, School of Social Work, University of Washington,  4101 15th Avenue NE, Box 354900, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S343","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301648","article-title":"Alcohol-attributable mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1999\u20132009","volume":"104","author":"Landen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. 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