{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1776297981240,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]],"date-time":"2014-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study is to investigate sociobehavioral risk factors from the prenatal period until 36 months of age, and the caries increment from 24 to 36 months of the child in Thailand. The data utilized in this study come from the prospective cohort study of Thai children (PCTC) from prenatal to 36 months of the child in Mueang Nan district, Northern Thailand. The total sample size recruited was 783 infants. The sample size with dental caries data was 603 and 597, at 24 months and at 36 months, respectively. The sample size of having two assessment points with a dental examination (at 24 months and at 36 months) was 597. Results indicate that the caries increment was 52.9%,  meaning from 365 caries free children at 24 months 193 had developed dental caries at  36 months. The prevalence of dental caries was 34.2% at 24 months (n = 206) and  68.5% at 36 months of age (n = 409). In bivariate analysis, higher education of the mother, lower household income, bottle feeding of the infant, frequent sweet candy consumptions, and using rain or well water as drinking water were associated with dental caries increment, while in multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis lower household income, higher education of the mother, and using rain or well water as drinking water remained associated with dental caries increment. In conclusion, a very significant increase in caries development was observed, and oral health may be influenced by sociobehavioural risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111010838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]],"date-time":"2014-10-17T10:27:19Z","timestamp":1413541639000},"page":"10838-10850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Sociobehavioral Factors Associated with Caries Increment:  A Longitudinal Study from 24 to 36 Months Old Children  in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5980-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Peltzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"},{"name":"HIV\/AIDS\/STIs and TB (HAST) Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aroonsri","family":"Mongkolchati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gamon","family":"Satchaiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nan Provincial Health Office, Nan City 55000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunsanee","family":"Rajchagool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intercountry Center for Oral Health, Department of Health, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taksin","family":"Pimpak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S71","article-title":"Oral health status, dental caries risk factors of the children of public kindergarten and schools in Phranakornsriayudhya, Thailand","volume":"93","author":"Sutthavong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2006.00292.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of early childhood caries in 9- to 18-month-old Thai infants","volume":"34","author":"Thitasomakul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0301-5661.2004.00145.x","article-title":"Early childhood caries in children aged 6\u201319 months","volume":"32","author":"Vachirarojpisan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"165","article-title":"Factors associated with dental caries in 6\u201330 month-old children at well baby clinic, Srinagarind hospital, Khon Kaen University","volume":"23","author":"Weraarchakul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Srinagarind. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2005.00235.x","article-title":"Sociobehavioural risk factors in dental caries\u2014International perspectives","volume":"33","author":"Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3084","article-title":"Influences on children\u2019s oral health: A conceptual model","volume":"120","author":"Gansky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooley, M., Skouteris, H., Boganin, C., Satur, J., and Kilpatrick, N. (2012). Body mass index and dental caries in children and adolescents: A systematic review of literature published 2004 to 2011. Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-1-57"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8051503","article-title":"Does secondhand smoke affect the development of dental caries in children? A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Hanioka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2012.07.013","article-title":"Parental influence and the development of dental caries in children aged 0\u20136 years: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"40","author":"Hooley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.32.3.d5180888m8gmm282","article-title":"Dental health of children: Where we are today and remaining challenges","volume":"32","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2010.00596.x","article-title":"Family characteristics and caries experience in preschool children: A longitudinal study from pregnancy to 5 years of age","volume":"39","author":"Wigen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Congiu, G., Campus, G., Sale, S., Spano, G., Cagetti, M.G., and Lugli\u00e8, P.F. (2013). Early childhood caries and associated determinants: A cross-sectional study on Italian preschool children. J. Public Health Dent.","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12038"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1159\/000337399","article-title":"Influence of family structure on dental caries experience of preschool children in Sri Lanka","volume":"46","author":"Wellappuli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2011.01186.x","article-title":"Environmental, maternal, and child factors which contribute to early childhood caries: A unifying conceptual model","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1159\/000209342","article-title":"Relationship between mothers\u2019 sense of coherence and oral health status of preschool children","volume":"43","author":"Bonanato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2012.01238.x","article-title":"Parental stress as a predictor of early childhood caries among preschool children in India","volume":"23","author":"Menon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-1116-y","article-title":"Factors contributing to severe early childhood caries in south-west Germany","volume":"18","author":"Bissar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Silva-Sanigorski, A.M., Waters, E., Calache, H., Smith, M., Gold, L., Gussy, M., Scott, A., Lacy, K., and Virgo-Milton, M. (2011). Splash!: A prospective birth cohort study of the impact of environmental, social and family-level influences on child oral health and obesity related risk factors and outcomes. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-505"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-013-0089-5","article-title":"Risk factors for early childhood caries: A case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Mahesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naidu, R., Nunn, J., and Kelly, A. (2013). Socio-behavioural factors and early childhood caries: A cross-sectional study of preschool children in central Trinidad. BMC Oral Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-13-30"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539509340045","article-title":"Roles of parents in preventing dental caries in the primary dentition among preschool children in Thailand","volume":"23","author":"Narksawat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"55","article-title":"Influence of feeding practices on dental caries. A case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Bahuguna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"267","article-title":"Infant feeding practices and risk of dental caries in Japan: The Osaka maternal and child health study","volume":"35","author":"Tanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"142","article-title":"A literature review of the relationship between breastfeeding and early childhood caries","volume":"25","author":"Tehranizadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Available online:http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/41905#sthash.nltBJXcI.dpuf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Goldberg, D., and Williams, P. (1991). A User\u2019s Guide to the General Health Questionnaire 1991, NFER-Nelson Publishing Company Ltd."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg, D.P. (1978). Manual of the General Health Questionnaire, NFER-Nelson.","DOI":"10.1037\/t16058-000"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2307\/2136536","article-title":"Exemplification of a method of for scaling life events: The PERI life events scale","volume":"19","author":"Dorenwend","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2018.2012.00720.x","article-title":"Consistency analysis of parenting styles in Thailand during children\u2019s first year","volume":"14","author":"Phuphaibul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nurs. Health. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer, D.W., and Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied Logistic Regression, John Wiley and Sons Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1159\/000320717","article-title":"Factors associated with caries increment: A longitudinal study from 18 months to 5 years of age","volume":"44","author":"Meurman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Caries Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/10\/10838\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:17:05Z","timestamp":1760217425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/10\/10838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph111010838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph111010838","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]]}}}