{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T09:36:24Z","timestamp":1771493784726,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a coupled method to optimize the surface water quality monitoring sites for a huge freshwater lake based on field investigations, mathematical analysis, and numerical simulation tests. Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, was selected as the research area. Based on the field investigated water quality data in the  5 years from 2008 to 2012, the water quality inter-annual variation coefficients at all the present sites and the water quality correlation coefficients between adjacent sites were calculated and analyzed to present an optimization scheme. A 2-D unsteady water quality model was established to get the corresponding water quality data at the optimized monitoring sites, which were needed for the rationality test on the optimized monitoring network. We found that: (1) the water quality of Piaoshan (No. 10) fluctuated most distinguishably and the inter-annual variation coefficient of NH3-N and TP could reach 99.77% and 73.92%, respectively. The four studied indexes were all closely related at Piaoshan (No. 10) and Tangyin (No. 11), and the correlation coefficients of COD and  NH3-N could reach 0.91 and 0.94 separately. (2) It was suggested that the present site  No. 10 be removed to avoid repeatability, and it was suggested that the three sites of Changling, Huzhong, and Nanjiang be added to improve the representativeness of the monitoring sites. (3) According to the rationality analysis, the 21 optimized water quality monitoring sites could scientifically replace the primary network, and the new monitoring network could better reflect the water quality of the whole lake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111111833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T10:19:13Z","timestamp":1416219553000},"page":"11833-11845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Surface Water Quality Monitoring Site Optimization for Poyang Lake, the Largest Freshwater Lake in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology Bureau of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Water Quality Monitoring and Network Design","volume":"Volume 27","author":"Harmancioglu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environmental Data Management"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-010-9459-5","article-title":"Analyzing the data-rich-but-information-poor syndrome in Dutch water management in historical perspective","volume":"45","author":"Timmerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1029\/97WR02943","article-title":"A neural network approach to multiobjective optimization for water quality management in a river basin","volume":"34","author":"Wen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2011.00554.x","article-title":"Twenty years of New Zealand\u2019s national rivers water quality network: Benefits of careful design and consistent operation","volume":"47","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"27","article-title":"Huangshui River water environment monitoring section optimization settings","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Qinghai Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"15","article-title":"Optimization principles of environmental monitoring sections for surface water and their applications in Henan province","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"China Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"23","article-title":"How to optimize the distributing location of surface water monitor","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Guangzhou Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wang, J. (2012). The Study on the Optimization of Surface Water Environmental Monitoring Network of Chaohu Lake. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Hefei University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"51","article-title":"Estimation of non-point source pollution load in the area around Poyang Lake","volume":"41","author":"Mo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Yangtze River"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Wei, F.S. (2002). Water and Exhausted Water Monitoring Analysis Method, China Environmental Science Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"18","article-title":"Study on atmospheric environmental excellent layout monitoring point of province-scale","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. China"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"20","article-title":"Correlation analysis of interannual variabilities in SST in SCS and Nin0\/DMI indice","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Fang, K.T. (1989). Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis, East China Normal University Press."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"45","article-title":"Methods of factor analysis and cluster analysis using SPSS software","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"7","article-title":"Application of SAS in analysising experimental data of fruit trees","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Liaoning Agric. Coll."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"15","article-title":"hydrology character of Poyang Lake and its influence on water quality","volume":"33","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut. Control"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.18307\/2011.0611","article-title":"Two-dimensional numerical simulation of hydrodynamic and pollutant transport for Lake Poyang","volume":"23","author":"Lai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"99","article-title":"A 2D sediment transport model based on the FVM with FDS for tidal rivers","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrodyn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/fld.1650060502","article-title":"Numerical solution of the St. Venant Equations with the MacComack finite-difference scheme","volume":"6","author":"Garcia","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Numer. Methods Fluids"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"409","article-title":"A finite volume method for numerical modeling of 2-D flow and sediment movements on unstructured grids","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"693","article-title":"Approximate Riemann solvers in FVM for 2-D hydraulic shock waves modeling","volume":"122","author":"Zhao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hydraul. Eng. ASCE"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:7(863)","article-title":"Finite-volume two-dimensional unsteady-flow model for river basins","volume":"120","author":"Zhao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hydraul. Eng. ASCE"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"368","article-title":"Finite volume method and Riemann solver for depth-averaged two-dimensional flow-pollutants coupled model","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"50","article-title":"Three second-order schemes for simulation water quality jump","volume":"35","author":"Ding","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Spekeijse, S.P., and Hemker, P.W. Multigrid Solution of Steady Euler Equations. Available online:http:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-3-663-14245-4_4."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/11\/11833\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:28Z","timestamp":1760216968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/11\/11833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph111111833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph111111833","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]]}}}