{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:22:05Z","timestamp":1762521725183,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,28]],"date-time":"2014-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cervical cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for women in developing countries, despite the fact that inexpensive, simple and effective screening methods are available. Visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) can be used as part of a \u201cscreen and treat\u201d program to identify precancerous lesions for cryotherapy treatment. This case report details how the VIA screening test was incorporated into the care of a patient presenting to a maternal health clinic in Thomonde, Haiti which was staffed by doctors and medical students from Emory University School of Medicine in collaboration with Haiti Medishare. As demonstrated here, the VIA test requires minimal materials, can be efficiently incorporated into a physical exams, provides immediate results, and is easily demonstrated to and performed by local healthcare providers. The straightforward and sensitive VIA technique is an ideal cervical cancer screening method for resource poor areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111212304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,28]],"date-time":"2014-11-28T14:11:21Z","timestamp":1417183881000},"page":"12304-12311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diagnosing Cervical Dysplasia Using Visual Inspection of the Cervix with Acetic Acid in a Woman in Rural Haiti"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Roger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oguchi","family":"Nwosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25516","article-title":"Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: Globocan 2008","volume":"127","author":"Ferlay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"S306","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in latin america","volume":"45","author":"Arrossi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Incid. Mortal. C\u00e1ncer Cerv. Am. Lat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1080\/07357900701359841","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality in the caribbean","volume":"25","author":"Phillips","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3802\/jgo.2013.24.4.295","article-title":"Potential opportunities to reduce cervical cancer by addressing risk factors other than HPV","volume":"24","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e328364f273","article-title":"Review of the current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of human papillomavirus infection","volume":"23","author":"Asiaf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.105871","article-title":"Two-stage cervical cancer screening: An alternative for resource-poor settings","volume":"183","author":"Denny","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"293","article-title":"Acetic acid visualization of the cervix to detect cervical dysplasia","volume":"81","author":"Broekhuizen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.17.2173","article-title":"Screen-and-treat approaches for cervical cancer prevention in low-resource settings: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"294","author":"Denny","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(03)00265-0","article-title":"Acetic-acid guided visual inspection vs. Cytology-based screening for cervical cancer in the philippines","volume":"83","author":"Ngelangel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"University of zimbabwe\/jhpiego cervical cancer project (1999). Visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical-cancer screening: Test qualities in a primary-care setting. Lancet, 353, 869\u2013873.","key":"ref_10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07033-0"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20190","article-title":"Accuracy of visual screening for cervical neoplasia: Results from an iarc multicentre study in india and africa","volume":"110","author":"Sankaranarayanan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"201","article-title":"Comparison of visual inspection of cervix and pap smear for cervical cancer screening","volume":"13","author":"Tayyeb","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Coll. Phys. Surg. Pak."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21972","article-title":"Visual inspection as a cervical cancer screening method in a primary health care setting in Africa","volume":"119","author":"Mahmud","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2165\/11586560-000000000-00000","article-title":"Economic evaluation of policy options for prevention and control of cervical cancer in Thailand","volume":"29","author":"Praditsitthikorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0091","article-title":"An evaluation of novel, lower-cost molecular screening tests for human papillomavirus in rural China","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila. Pa.)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2013.07.092","article-title":"Self-collection for high-risk HPV detection in brazilian women using the care HPV test","volume":"131","author":"Lorenzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31826b7b70","article-title":"Feasibility of community-based carehpv for cervical cancer prevention in rural Thailand","volume":"17","author":"Trope","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lower Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000034","article-title":"Current cervical cancer prevention strategies including cervical screening and prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccination: A review","volume":"26","author":"Elfstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31816d1da4","article-title":"Effect of cervicitis on visual inspection with acetic acid","volume":"12","author":"Cremer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lower Genit. Tract Dis."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shastri, S.S., Mittra, I., Mishra, G., Gupta, S., Dikshit, R., and Badwe, R.A. (2014). Effect of VIA screening by primary health workers: Randomized controlled study in Mumbai, India. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 106.","key":"ref_20","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju009"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/01.lgt.0000179864.59951.91","article-title":"Screening for cervical neoplasia in an unselected rural guatemalan population using direct visual inspection after acetic acid application: A pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Mathers","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lower Genit. Tract Dis."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/12\/12304\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:10:07Z","timestamp":1760217007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/11\/12\/12304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,28]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph111212304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph111212304","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,28]]}}}