{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T01:40:34Z","timestamp":1774489234899,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]],"date-time":"2015-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["84386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["84386"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diesel fuel is known to emit pollutants that have a negative impact on environmental and human health. In developing countries like South Africa, attendants are employed to pump fuel for customers at service stations. Attendants refuel vehicles with various octane unleaded fuel, lead-replacement petrol and diesel fuel, on a daily basis. Attendants are at risk to adverse health effects associated with the inhalation of volatile organic compounds released from these fuels. The pollutants released include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), which are significant due to their high level of toxicity. In this study, a risk assessment of BTEX was conducted at a diesel service station for public buses. Using Radiello passive samplers, it was found that benzene concentrations were above recommended international standards. Due to poor ventilation and high exposure duration, the average benzene concentration over the sampling campaign exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s chronic inhalation exposure reference concentration. Lifetime cancer risk estimation showed that on average there is a 3.78 \u00d7 10\u22124 cancer risk, corresponding to an average chronic daily intake of 1.38 \u00d7 10\u22123 mg\/kg\/day of benzene exposure. Additionally, there were incidences where individuals were at potential hazard risk of benzene and toluene that may pose non-carcinogenic effects to employees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120404101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]],"date-time":"2015-04-14T03:11:46Z","timestamp":1428981106000},"page":"4101-4115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Occupational Exposure of Diesel Station Workers to BTEX Compounds at a Bus Depot"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Raeesa","family":"Moolla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3 WITS, Gauteng 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3 WITS, Gauteng 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasper","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3 WITS, Gauteng 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-1055-4","article-title":"Desorption of BTEX from activated charcoal using accelerated solvent extraction: Evaluation of occupational exposures","volume":"387","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. 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