{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:54:55Z","timestamp":1791399295830,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]],"date-time":"2015-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element necessary for physiological processes that support development, growth and neuronal function. Secondary to elevated exposure or decreased excretion, Mn accumulates in the basal ganglia region of the brain and may cause a parkinsonian-like syndrome, referred to as manganism. The present review discusses the advances made in understanding the essentiality and neurotoxicity of Mn. We review occupational Mn-induced parkinsonism and the dynamic modes of Mn transport in biological systems, as well as the detection and pharmacokinetic modeling of Mn trafficking. In addition, we review some of the shared similarities, pathologic and clinical distinctions between Mn-induced parkinsonism and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Where possible, we review the influence of Mn toxicity on dopamine, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate neurotransmitter levels and function. We conclude with a survey of the preventive and treatment strategies for manganism and idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120707519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]],"date-time":"2015-07-06T12:21:05Z","timestamp":1436185265000},"page":"7519-7540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":328,"title":["Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Shared and Distinguishable Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9486-2044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunnar","family":"Kwakye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Paoliello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Public Health, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Science, State University of Londrina, Parana 10011, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somshuvra","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Aschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2004.12.053","article-title":"Interactions between excessive manganese exposures and dietary iron-deficiency in neurodegeneration","volume":"19","author":"Erikson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(02)00234-5","article-title":"Manganese action in brain function","volume":"41","author":"Takeda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440590905920","article-title":"Manganese dosimetry: Species differences and implications for neurotoxicity","volume":"35","author":"Aschner","year":"2005","journal-title":"CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)04040-2","article-title":"Mineral content of foods and total diets: The selected minerals in foods survey, 1982 to 1984","volume":"86","author":"Pennington","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4862","DOI":"10.1021\/cr800536y","article-title":"Manganese-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration: Insights into mechanisms and genetics shared with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"109","author":"Benedetto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb04539.x","article-title":"Changes in nine enzyme markers for neurons, glia, and endothelial cells in Agonal State and Huntington\u2019s disease caudate nucleus","volume":"47","author":"Butterworth","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(03)00037-8","article-title":"Manganese neurotoxicity and glutamate-GABA interaction","volume":"43","author":"Erikson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.10.012","article-title":"The effects of manganese on glutamate, dopamine and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid regulation","volume":"48","author":"Fitsanakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurley, L., Keen, C., Manganese, E.U., and Mertz, W. (1987). Trace Elements in Human Health and Animal Nutrition, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-092468-7.50010-7"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200112210-00004","article-title":"Manganese stimulates stellation of cultured rat cortical astrocytes","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(87)90621-7","article-title":"Manganese poisoning and the attack of trivalent manganese upon catecholamines","volume":"256","author":"Archibald","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.12.006","article-title":"Metals, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: A focus on iron, manganese and mercury","volume":"62","author":"Farina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"484","article-title":"Manganese exposure, essentiality & toxicity","volume":"128","author":"Santamaria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F., and Vouk, V.B. (1986). Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80026-0","article-title":"Manganese neurotoxicity: Cellular effects and blood-brain barrier transport","volume":"15","author":"Aschner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"213","article-title":"Nutritional aspects of manganese from experimental studies","volume":"20","author":"Keen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1306.009","article-title":"Manganese neurotoxicity","volume":"1012","author":"Dobson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"89","article-title":"Manganese metabolism in animals and humans including the toxicity of manganese","volume":"37","author":"Keen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Met. Ions Biol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/nen.0b013e31812503cf","article-title":"The neuropathology of manganese-induced parkinsonism","volume":"66","author":"Perl","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"239","article-title":"Occupational exposure to manganese, copper, lead, iron, mercury and zinc and the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Gorell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1987.67.3.858","article-title":"Functions of trace elements in brain metabolism","volume":"67","author":"Prohaska","year":"1987","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2011.08.144","article-title":"Role of manganese in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"25","author":"Bowman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.05.006","article-title":"Neurofunctional dopaminergic impairment in elderly after lifetime exposure to manganese","volume":"45","author":"Lucchini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360611","article-title":"Manganese intoxication and chronic liver failure","volume":"36","author":"Hauser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-009-8083-0","article-title":"Manganese and its role in Parkinson\u2019s disease: From transport to neuropathology","volume":"11","author":"Aschner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuromol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607100024004223","article-title":"Brain manganese deposition and blood levels in patients undergoing home parenteral nutrition","volume":"24","author":"Bertinet","year":"2000","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607199023006333","article-title":"Hypermanganesemia in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition","volume":"23","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1999","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92164-8","article-title":"Manganese and chronic hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"346","author":"Krieger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn019","article-title":"Measuring brain manganese and iron accumulation in rats following 14 weeks of low-dose manganese treatment using atomic absorption spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"103","author":"Fitsanakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(02)00016-5","article-title":"T1-weighted hyperintensity in basal ganglia at brain magnetic resonance imaging: Are different pathologies sharing a common mechanism?","volume":"23","author":"Valentini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00145-X","article-title":"Iron interactions and other biological reactions mediating the physiological and toxic actions of manganese","volume":"66","author":"Roth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0600","article-title":"A preliminary study revealing a new association in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: Manganism symptoms and T1 hyperintense changes in the basal ganglia","volume":"28","author":"Jeronymo","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004090765","article-title":"High prevalence of occult coronary artery stenosis in patients with chronic kidney disease at the initiation of renal replacement therapy: An angiographic examination","volume":"16","author":"Ohtake","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(01)00035-0","article-title":"Characterization of the aerosols resulting from arc welding processes","volume":"32","author":"Zimmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"82","article-title":"Characterization of welding fume from smaw electrodes\u2014Part II","volume":"89","author":"Sowards","year":"2010","journal-title":"Weld. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.03.007","article-title":"Vulnerability of welders to manganese exposure\u2014A neuroimaging study","volume":"45","author":"Long","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"ACGIH (2013). Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"024","article-title":"Studies on mechanism and biomarkers of manganese neurotoxicity","volume":"2","author":"Bin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Railw. Occup. Saf. Health Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"009","article-title":"A study on the grindability of waste from the ferromanganese alloy factory","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Suzhou"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00265","article-title":"Genetic factors and manganese-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2008.04.022","article-title":"Manganese transport in eukaryotes: The role of DMT1","volume":"29","author":"Au","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20051987","article-title":"Comparison of mammalian cell lines expressing distinct isoforms of divalent metal transporter 1 in a tetracycline-regulated fashion","volume":"398","author":"Garrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/41343","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter","volume":"388","author":"Gunshin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.024521","article-title":"ZIP8, member of the solute-carrier-39 (SLC39) metal-transporter family: Characterization of transporter properties","volume":"70","author":"He","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90204-6","article-title":"Manganese (Mn) transport across the rat blood-brain barrier: Saturable and transferrin-dependent transport mechanisms","volume":"33","author":"Aschner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/119.10.1461","article-title":"Identification of transferrin as the major plasma carrier protein for manganese introduced orally or intravenously or after in vitro addition in the rat","volume":"119","author":"Davidsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(97)00039-4","article-title":"Manganese transport through human erythrocyte membranes\u2014An EPR Study","volume":"1328","author":"Lucaciu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.7.1159-1165.2005","article-title":"Manganese transport and trafficking: Lessons learned from saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"4","author":"Culotta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-10-1084","article-title":"Down-regulation of a manganese transporter in the face of metal toxicity","volume":"20","author":"Jensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7792","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007792","article-title":"SMF-1, SMF-2 and SMF-3 DMT1 orthologues regulate and are regulated differentially by manganese levels in C. elegans","volume":"4","author":"Au","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9384-3","article-title":"Vesicular distribution of secretory pathway ca2-atpase isoform 1 and a role in manganese detoxification in liver-derived polarized cells","volume":"24","author":"Leitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14079","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2329-14.2014","article-title":"SLC30A10 is a cell surface-localized manganese efflux transporter, and parkinsonism-causing mutations block its intracellular trafficking and efflux activity","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2011.12.002","article-title":"The iron transporter ferroportin can also function as a manganese exporter","volume":"1818","author":"Madejczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e09-11-0985","article-title":"Manganese-induced trafficking and turnover of the cis-golgi glycoprotein GPP130","volume":"21","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013642108","article-title":"Identification of a gain-of-function mutation in a golgi p-type atpase that enhances Mn2+ efflux and protects against toxicity","volume":"108","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06534.x","article-title":"Ferroportin is a manganese-responsive protein that decreases manganese cytotoxicity and accumulation","volume":"112","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24131","article-title":"Pathology of inherited manganese transporter deficiency","volume":"75","author":"Lechpammer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.01.017","article-title":"Mutations in SLC30A10 cause parkinsonism and dystonia with hypermanganesemia, polycythemia, and chronic liver disease","volume":"90","author":"Quadri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.01.018","article-title":"Syndrome of hepatic cirrhosis, dystonia, polycythemia, and hypermanganesemia caused by mutations in SLC30A10, a manganese transporter in man","volume":"90","author":"Tuschl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-008-0813-1","article-title":"Hepatic cirrhosis, dystonia, polycythaemia and hypermanganesaemia\u2014A new metabolic disorder","volume":"31","author":"Tuschl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.03.001","article-title":"Manganese: Recent advances in understanding its transport and neurotoxicity","volume":"221","author":"Aschner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2005.09.003","article-title":"Follow-up of patients affected by manganese-induced parkinsonism after treatment with CaNa2 EDTA","volume":"27","author":"Discalzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1515\/RNS.2011.048","article-title":"Manganese enhanced MRI (MEMRI): Neurophysiological applications","volume":"22","author":"Inoue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(89)90157-X","article-title":"Visualizing manganese in the primate basal ganglia with magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"106","author":"Newland","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21457","article-title":"Optimization of fluorescence assay of cellular manganese status for high throughput screening","volume":"27","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2011.01.002","article-title":"Novel high-throughput assay to assess cellular manganese levels in a striatal cell line model of Huntington\u2019s disease confirms a deficit in manganese accumulation","volume":"32","author":"Kwakye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwakye, G.F., Li, D., Kabobel, O.A., and Bowman, A.B. (2011). Cellular Fura-2 manganese extraction assay (CFMEA). Curr. Protoc. Toxicol., 2011.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471140856.tx1218s48"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.03.002","article-title":"A Study of the relationships between Parkinson\u2019s disease and markers of traffic-derived and environmental manganese air pollution in two canadian cities","volume":"104","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20494","article-title":"High prevalence of Parkinsonian disorders associated to manganese exposure in the vicinities of ferroalloy industries","volume":"50","author":"Lucchini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1998.3902","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of low level exposure to manganese in human populations","volume":"80","author":"Mergler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"227","article-title":"Manganese neurotoxicity: A review of clinical features, imaging and pathology","volume":"20","author":"Pal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.03.025","article-title":"Motor alterations associated with exposure to manganese in the environment in Mexico","volume":"368","author":"Rosas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390701838697","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic modeling of manganese in the rat IV: Assessing factors that contribute to brain accumulation during inhalation exposure","volume":"71","author":"Nong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn264","article-title":"Manganese tissue dosimetry in rats and monkeys: Accounting for dietary and inhaled Mn with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling","volume":"108","author":"Nong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp198","article-title":"Evaluating placental transfer and tissue concentrations of manganese in the pregnant rat and fetuses after inhalation exposures with a PBPK model","volume":"112","author":"Yoon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp197","article-title":"Lactational transfer of manganese in rats: Predicting manganese tissue concentration in the dam and pups from inhalation exposure with a pharmacokinetic model","volume":"112","author":"Yoon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq389","article-title":"Analysis of manganese tracer kinetics and target tissue dosimetry in monkeys and humans with multi-route physiologically based pharmacokinetic models","volume":"120","author":"Schroeter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390903340849","article-title":"Multi-dose-route, multi-species pharmacokinetic models for manganese and their use in risk assessment","volume":"73","author":"Andersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"67","article-title":"The interrelation between essentiality and toxicity of metals in the aquatic ecosystem","volume":"20","author":"Eichenberger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Met. Ions Biol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Nordberg, G.F., Sandstrom, B., Becking, G., and Goyer, R.A. (2002). Heavy Metals in the Environment, Marcel Dekker, Inc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.48.100","article-title":"The effect of occupational exposure to metals on the nervous system function in welders","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.174.263","article-title":"Aggregation of amyloid beta-protein and its neurotoxicity: Enhancement by aluminum and other metals","volume":"174","author":"Kuroda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03639.x","article-title":"Aluminum, iron, and zinc ions promote aggregation of physiological concentrations of \u03b2-amyloid peptide","volume":"61","author":"Mantyh","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(02)00067-0","article-title":"Synergistic effects of pesticides and metals on the fibrillation of \u03b1-synuclein: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Uversky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44284","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M105343200","article-title":"Metal-triggered structural transformations, aggregation, and fibrillation of human alpha-synuclein. A possible molecular NK between Parkinson\u2019s disease and heavy metal exposure","volume":"276","author":"Uversky","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"41","article-title":"On the effects of black oxide of manganese when inhaled into the lungs","volume":"1","author":"Couper","year":"1837","journal-title":"Br. Ann. Med. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouabid, S., Delaville, C., de Deurwaerd\u00e8re, P., Lakhdar-Ghazal, N., and Benazzouz, A. (2014). Manganese-induced atypical parkinsonism is associated with altered basal ganglia activity and changes in tissue levels of monoamines in the rat. PLoS One, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098952"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2000.4068","article-title":"Results of magnetic resonance imaging in long-term manganese dioxide-exposed workers","volume":"85","author":"Dietz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000167411.93483.A1","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations in welders with pallidal MRI T1 hyperintensity","volume":"64","author":"Josephs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01407.x","article-title":"Neuropsychological profiles of manganese neurotoxicity","volume":"13","author":"Klos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-007-0243-z","article-title":"Manganese accumulation in the brain: MR imaging","volume":"49","author":"Uchino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1239","article-title":"A zebrafish model of manganism reveals reversible and treatable symptoms that are independent of neurotoxicity","volume":"7","author":"Bakthavatsalam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"878","article-title":"On Manganese encephalopathy: Description of a case","volume":"56","author":"Scholten","year":"1953","journal-title":"Folia. Psychiatr. Neurol. Neurochir. Neerl."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2013.09.007","article-title":"Manganism in the 21st century: The hanninen lecture","volume":"45","author":"Racette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901748","article-title":"Manganese and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A critical review and new findings","volume":"118","author":"Guilarte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(99)00011-5","article-title":"A review of normal sleep and its disturbances in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Pal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.9.1583","article-title":"Manganism and idiopathic Parkinsonism: Similarities and differences","volume":"44","author":"Calne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1306.018","article-title":"Manganese-induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1012","author":"Olanow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"78","article-title":"Chronic manganese poisoning in the dry battery industry","volume":"28","author":"Emara","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"21","article-title":"Manganese poisoning in moroccan miners","volume":"12","author":"Rodier","year":"1955","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neve, K. (2009). The Dopamine Receptors, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-333-6"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(99)00063-9","article-title":"Structure and function of dopamine receptors","volume":"24","author":"Vallone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327112469043","article-title":"Consequences of manganese administration for striatal dopamine and motor behavior in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-exposed C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"32","author":"Dodd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(02)00012-8","article-title":"Manganese causes differential regulation of glutamate transporter (GLAST) taurine transporter and metallothionein in cultured rat astrocytes","volume":"23","author":"Erikson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031024","article-title":"Disease-toxicant interactions in manganese exposed huntington disease mice: Early changes in striatal neuron morphology and dopamine metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Madison","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"67","article-title":"Neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors in developing and adult rats during manganese poisoning","volume":"5","author":"Seth","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2000.0379","article-title":"A synaptic mechanism underlying the behavioral abnormalities induced by manganese intoxication","volume":"8","author":"Calabresi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021970120965","article-title":"Manganese neurotoxicity: An update of pathophysiologic mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Normandin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00316209","article-title":"Effect of long-term administration of manganese on biogenic amine levels in discrete striatal regions of rat brain","volume":"59","author":"Eriksson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(02)00192-4","article-title":"Differential regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression in the aged manganese-treated rats","volume":"103","author":"Herrera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(82)90055-5","article-title":"Dopamine and norepinephrine turnover in various regions of the rat brain after chronic manganese chloride administration","volume":"24","author":"Autissier","year":"1982","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.10.016","article-title":"Behavioral effects of manganese injected in the rat substantia nigra are potentiated by dicumarol, a DT-diaphorase inhibitor","volume":"77","author":"Mora","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2006.11.004","article-title":"Direct effects of manganese compounds on dopamine and its metabolite dopac: An in vitro study","volume":"23","author":"Sistrunk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1981.tb01642.x","article-title":"Concentrations of striatal catecholamines in rats given manganese chloride through drinking water","volume":"36","author":"Chandra","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(02)00091-8","article-title":"Effect of high dietary manganese intake of neonatal rats on tissue mineral accumulation, striatal dopamine levels, and neurodevelopmental status","volume":"23","author":"Tran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05695.x","article-title":"Impairment of nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission by manganese is mediated by pre-synaptic mechanism(s): Implications to manganese-induced parkinsonism","volume":"107","author":"Guilarte","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2005.10.008","article-title":"Acute manganese administration alters dopamine transporter levels in the non-human primate striatum","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2013.01.002","article-title":"The effect of manganese on dopamine toxicity and dopamine transporter (DAT) in control and DAT transfected HEK cells","volume":"35","author":"Roth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"385","article-title":"Parkinsonism induced by chronic manganese intoxication\u2014An experience in Taiwan","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med. J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10325","article-title":"Secondary progressive chronic manganism associated with markedly decreased striatal D2 receptor density","volume":"18","author":"Kessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov. Disorder."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000017365","article-title":"Postnatal development of dopamine D1-like receptors in rat cortical and striatolimbic brain regions: An autoradiographic study","volume":"21","author":"Tarazi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e318183fdd8","article-title":"Molecular imaging studies in Parkinson disease: Reducing diagnostic uncertainty","volume":"15","author":"Felicio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10577","article-title":"Significance of non-presynaptic SPECT tracer methods in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Leenders","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143.7","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1143.7","article-title":"The toxic effects of manganese on dopamine D2 receptor activation is not due to inactivation of the phospholipase c receptor signal transduction component (1143.7)","volume":"28","author":"Rogers","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr177","article-title":"The role of dopaminergic imaging in patients with symptoms of dopaminergic system neurodegeneration","volume":"134","author":"Cummings","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890130402","article-title":"SPECT imaging of dopamine and serotonin transporters with [123I]\u03b2-CIT: Pharmacological characterization of brain uptake in nonhuman primates","volume":"13","author":"Laruelle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10089","article-title":"Dopamine transporter density is decreased in parkinsonian patients with a history of manganese exposure: What does it mean?","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20489","article-title":"Basal ganglia neurotransmitter concentrations in rhesus monkeys following subchronic manganese sulfate inhalation","volume":"50","author":"Struve","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800035","article-title":"Manganese neurotoxicity: Lessons learned from longitudinal studies in non-human primates","volume":"117","author":"Burton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01973632","article-title":"Receptor alterations in manganese intoxicated monkeys","volume":"66","author":"Eriksson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1978.tb02672.x","article-title":"Increased GABA content in caudate nucleus of rats after chronic manganese chloride administration","volume":"31","author":"Bonilla","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl139","article-title":"Iron Deficient and manganese supplemented diets alter metals and transporters in the developing rat brain","volume":"95","author":"Garcia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl017","article-title":"A Manganese-enhanced diet alters brain metals and transporters in the developing rat","volume":"92","author":"Garcia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(02)00002-5","article-title":"Low cumulative manganese exposure affects striatal GABA but not dopamine","volume":"23","author":"Gwiazda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/03601239909373187","article-title":"Effect of manganese on the concentration of amino acids in different regions of the rat brain","volume":"34","author":"Lipe","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health B"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl028","article-title":"Brain accumulation and toxicity of Mn(II) and Mn(III) exposures","volume":"93","author":"Reaney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2008.08.002","article-title":"Manganese exposure alters extracellular GABA, GABA receptor and transporter protein and mRNA levels in the developing rat brain","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21383","article-title":"Spatial effects in the detection of \u0393-aminobutyric acid: Improved sensitivity at high fields using inner volume saturation","volume":"58","author":"Edden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002192","article-title":"In vivo measurement of brain GABA concentrations by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in smelters occupationally exposed to manganese","volume":"119","author":"Dydak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.09.015","article-title":"Proposed cycles for functional glutamate trafficking in synaptic neurotransmission","volume":"52","author":"Maciejewski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80420-1","article-title":"Synaptic activation of glutamate transporters in hippocampal astrocytes","volume":"19","author":"Bergles","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00067-8","article-title":"Glutamate uptake","volume":"65","author":"Danbolt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000554","article-title":"Selective vulnerability of pallidal neurons in the early phases of manganese intoxication","volume":"135","author":"Spadoni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01485.x","article-title":"Dopaminergic control of synaptic plasticity in the dorsal striatum","volume":"13","author":"Centonze","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.721394.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and acute glutamate excitotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells","volume":"72","author":"Castilho","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"445","article-title":"Manganese and calcium transport in mitochondria: Implications for manganese toxicity","volume":"20","author":"Gavin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2003.08.002","article-title":"Brain energy metabolism in a sub-acute rat model of manganese neurotoxicity: An ex vivo nuclear magnetic resonance study using [1\u201313C] Glucose","volume":"25","author":"Zwingmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000056062.25434.4D","article-title":"Energy metabolism in astrocytes and neurons treated with manganese & colon; relation among cell-specific energy failure, glucose metabolism, and intercellular trafficking using multinuclear NMR-spectroscopic analysis","volume":"23","author":"Zwingmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"209","article-title":"Manganese poisoning reduces strychnine-insensitive glycine binding sites in the globus pallidus of the mouse brain","volume":"37","author":"Cano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest. Clin."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/1047322X.1994.10388366","article-title":"OSHA compliance issues: Manganese exposure during welding operations","volume":"9","author":"Fairfax","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196902132800701","article-title":"Modification of Parkinsonism\u2014Chronic treatment with l-Dopa","volume":"280","author":"Cotzias","year":"1969","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810083391506","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"339","author":"Lang","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198402233100802","article-title":"The on-off phenomenon in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Relation to levodopa absorption and transport","volume":"310","author":"Nutt","year":"1984","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1835","article-title":"Interactions between deep brain stimulation and levodopa in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Nutt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"S2","article-title":"The spectrum of levodopa-induced dyskinesias","volume":"47","author":"Fahn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199603000-00001","article-title":"Neuropathology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Forno","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.2_Part_1.168","article-title":"Young-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease: A clinical review","volume":"41","author":"Golbe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"241","article-title":"Available and emerging treatments for Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review","volume":"5","author":"Hickey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-199914020-00004","article-title":"The role of iron in neurodegeneration","volume":"14","author":"Jellinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000113726.34734.15","article-title":"Effect of levodopa treatment for Parkinsonism in welders: A double-blind study","volume":"62","author":"Koller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/109158180302200511","article-title":"Parkinsonism due to manganism in a welder","volume":"22","author":"Sadek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00043a015","article-title":"Mechanism of the manganese-catalyzed autoxidation of dopamine","volume":"8","author":"Lloyd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90852-9","article-title":"Role of dopamine in manganese neurotoxicity","volume":"473","author":"Parenti","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"863","article-title":"Occupational Mn Parkinsonism: Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical patterns following CaNa2-EDTA chelation","volume":"21","author":"Discalzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000204114.01893.3e","article-title":"Effective treatment of manganese-induced occupational parkinsonism with P-aminosalicylic acid: A case of 17-year follow-up study","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"66","article-title":"A report of two cases of chronic serious manganese poisoning treated with sodium para-aminosalicylic acid","volume":"49","author":"Ky","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179.3","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1179.3","article-title":"Chelating agents reverse neurotoxic effects of manganese on dopaminergic innervation of gill of the bivalve mollusc crassostrea virginica","volume":"27","author":"Ojo","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(02)00111-9","article-title":"Myoclonic involuntary movement associated with chronic manganese poisoning","volume":"199","author":"Ono","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2008.12.007","article-title":"Chelation therapy of manganese intoxication with para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) in sprague\u2013dawley rats","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foglieni, C., Fulgenzi, A., Ticozzi, P., Pellegatta, F., Sciorati, C., Belloni, D., Ferrero, E., and Ferrero, M.E. (2006). Protective effect of EDTA preadministration on renal ischemia. BMC Nephrology, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-7-5"},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"249","article-title":"Manganese neurotoxicity: Effects of varying oxygen tension and EDTA on dopamine auto-oxidation","volume":"8","author":"Nachtman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719401300405","article-title":"In vivo inhibition of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by CaNa2 EDTA injection","volume":"13","author":"Caroldi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in manganese poisoning of rats","volume":"25","author":"Kosai","year":"1956","journal-title":"Ind. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.931","article-title":"Manganese toxicity upon overexposure","volume":"17","author":"Crossgrove","year":"2004","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520460090018","article-title":"Chronic manganese intoxication","volume":"46","author":"Huang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00686083","article-title":"Chronic manganese poisoning: A neuropathological study with determination of manganese distribution in the brain","volume":"70","author":"Yamada","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1974.00490310061010","article-title":"Chronic manganese intoxication","volume":"30","author":"Cook","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.12.003","article-title":"Protective effects of ebselen (Ebs) and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) against manganese (Mn)-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"258","author":"Lucas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.03.018","article-title":"Protective role of sodium para-amino salicylic acid against manganese-induced hippocampal neurons damage","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-010-0302-z","article-title":"Treatment strategies for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110506","article-title":"Influence of dopaminergic medication on automatic postural responses and balance impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Bloem","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2006.06.009","article-title":"Postural control, gait, and dopamine functions in Parkinsonian movement disorders","volume":"22","author":"Bohnen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"4","article-title":"Understanding Parkinson\u2019s disease: An update on current diagnostic and treatment strategies","volume":"7","author":"Pahwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp033","article-title":"Plasma urate and Parkinson\u2019s disease in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study","volume":"169","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"95","article-title":"Investigation of oral selegiline and rasagiline administration on qt interval in conscious rabbits","volume":"13","author":"Uzun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0225-x","article-title":"Genomic and proteomic study to survey the mechanism of action of the anti-parkinson\u2019s disease drug, rasagiline compared with selegiline, in the rat midbrain","volume":"116","author":"Weinreb","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907083","article-title":"Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"362","author":"Follett","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2008.01.004","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation and tremor","volume":"5","author":"Lyons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/12\/7\/7519\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:48:45Z","timestamp":1760215725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/12\/7\/7519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]]},"references-count":188,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph120707519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph120707519","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]]}}}