{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T23:50:31Z","timestamp":1773532231326,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,28]],"date-time":"2015-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Sciences Foundations of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["81273112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81273112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an occupational and ubiquitous environmental contaminant, and TCE exposure will increase the risk of autoimmune diseases and allergic diseases. T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of TCE-related immune disorders, but the effect of TCE and its oxidative metabolites, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCA), on the activation of human T cells is still unknown. In this study, Jurkat cells were pre-treated with TCE, TCA and DCA overnight and then stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin for another 4, 8 and 24 hours. IL-2 secretion was detected by ELISA; the expressions of CD25 and CD69 were tested by flow cytometry; and IFN-\u03b3 and IL-2 mRNA expression levels were investigated by real-time PCR. The results showed that TCE and its oxidative metabolites, TCA and DCA, significantly enhanced IL-2 releasing and the expression of T cell activation markers, CD25 and CD69. Consistent with this result, these compounds markedly up-regulated the expression levels of IFN-\u03b3 and  IL-2 mRNA. Collectively, these findings suggest that TCE and its metabolites, TCA and DCA, might enhance the activation of T cells and disrupt various activities of peripheral T cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120910575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T10:55:58Z","timestamp":1441104958000},"page":"10575-10586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Trichloroethylene and Its Oxidative Metabolites Enhance the Activated State and Th1 Cytokine Gene Expression in Jurkat Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety,  Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuetao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety,  Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety,  Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Guinea pig maximization test for trichloroethylene and its metabolites","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. 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