{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:49:29Z","timestamp":1792072169910,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,7]],"date-time":"2015-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Non-funded"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent epidemiological data suggests 13.3% of Hong Kong residents suffered from Common Mental Disorders, most frequently mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. This study examines the weighted prevalence and associated risk factors of depression, anxiety and stress among Hong Kong nurses. A total of 850 nurses were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 and multiple logistic regression was used to determine significant relationships between variables. Chronic past-year illness and poor self-perceived mental health were significant correlates of past-week depression, anxiety and stress. It confirmed further positive correlations between depression and divorce, widowhood and separation,  job dissatisfaction, disturbance with colleagues, low physical activity levels and sleep problems. Marital status; general medicine; sleep problems, and a lack of leisure significantly correlated with anxiety. Stress was significantly associated with younger age, clinical inexperience, past-year disturbance with colleagues, low physical activity, no leisure and drinking alcohol. Nurses were more depressed, anxious and stressed than the local general population, with over one-third of our respondents classified as subject to these disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120911072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,8]],"date-time":"2015-09-08T11:59:54Z","timestamp":1441713594000},"page":"11072-11100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":265,"title":["Depression, Anxiety and Symptoms of Stress among Hong Kong Nurses: A Cross-sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Teris","family":"Cheung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","article-title":"Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the united states: Results from the national comorbidity survey","volume":"51","author":"Kessler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0047.2004.00325.x","article-title":"Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: Results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project","volume":"109","author":"Alonso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0112-7","article-title":"The British Mental Health Survey Programme: Achievements and latest findings","volume":"44","author":"Jenkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60660-7","article-title":"Prevalence, treatment, and associated disability of mental disorders in four provinces in China during 2001\u20132005: An epidemiological survey","volume":"373","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"National Institute of Mental Health (2009). Depression, NIMH."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0204","article-title":"The relationship between depression and sleep disturbances: A Japanese nationwide general population survey","volume":"67","author":"Kaneita","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam, L.C.W., Wong, C.S.M., Wang, M.J., Chan, W.C., Chen, E.Y.H., Ng, R.M.K., Hung, S.F., Cheung, E.F.C., Sham, P.C., and Chiu, H.F.K. (2015). Prevalence, psychosocial correlates and service utilization of depressive and anxiety disorders in Hong Kong: The Hong Kong mental morbidity survey (HKMMS). Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol., 2.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1014-5"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.22.2614","article-title":"Depressive symptoms, unemployment and loss of income: The Cardia study","volume":"162","author":"Whooley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21505","article-title":"Mediating and moderating effects of learned resourcefulness on depressive symptoms and positive ideation in hospital nurses in Taiwan","volume":"35","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013). Women\u2019s Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840902754537","article-title":"Predictors of depressive symptoms in female medical-surgical hospital nurses","volume":"30","author":"Welsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2011.05832.x","article-title":"Depressive symptoms among Chinese nurses: Prevalence and the associated factors","volume":"68","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12018","article-title":"Job-related stress, emotional labor, and depressive symptoms among Korean nurses","volume":"45","author":"Yoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0432.00210","article-title":"Sky Service: The demands of emotional labour in the airline industry","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gend. Work Org."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1348\/096317903769647229","article-title":"Development and validation of the emotional labour scale","volume":"76","author":"Brotheridge","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-006-9077-0","article-title":"A community epidemiological survey of generalized anxiety disorder in Hong Kong","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2004.00807.x","article-title":"Emotional labour and stress within mental health nursing","volume":"12","author":"Mann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"237","article-title":"Emotion work and psychological well-being: A review of the literature and some conceptual considerations","volume":"12","author":"Zapf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-015-0068-8","article-title":"The mental health of nurses in acute teaching hospital settings: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"14","author":"Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, G., Tee, G.H., Ariaratnam, S., Krishnapillai, A.S., and China, K. (2013). Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among diabetics in Malaysia: A cross sectional study in an urban primary care setting. BMC Fam. Pract., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-14-69"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department (2012). Demographic Trends in Hong Kong 1981\u20132011, Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hong Kong Nursing Council (2014). Statistics and Lists of Nurses, Hong Kong Nursing Council."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-011-0721-9","article-title":"Too little appreciation for great expenditure? Workload and resources in ICUs","volume":"85","author":"Jasper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2018.2010.00514.x","article-title":"Stress and coping in singaporean nurses: A literature review","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nurs. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"210","article-title":"Sources and effects of Work-related stress in nursing","volume":"4","author":"Moustsks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2010.01172.x","article-title":"Effects of work environments on nurse and patient outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Purdy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2018.2006.00281.x","article-title":"Investigation of the relationships among workplace stressors, ways of coping, and the mental health of Chinese head nurses","volume":"8","author":"Xianyu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nurs. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1071\/AH11001","article-title":"Breakaway technique training as a means of increasing confidence in managing aggression in neuroscience nursing","volume":"36","author":"Lamont","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-009-0501-y","article-title":"Assaults against nurses of general and psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan","volume":"83","author":"Shiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2010.03216.x","article-title":"Depression among female psychiatric nurses in southern Taiwan: Main and moderating effects of job stress, coping behaviour and social support","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000411176.15696.f9","article-title":"Original research: Nurses\u02bc presenteeism and its effects on self-reported quality of care and costs","volume":"112","author":"Letvak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2010.00849.x","article-title":"Work\/life balance and health: The nurses and midwives e-cohort study","volume":"58","author":"Schluter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Nurs. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Taouk, M., Lovibond, P.F., and Laube, R. (2001). Psychometric Properties of a Chinese Version of the Short Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS21), Cumberland Hospital. Report for New South Wales Transcultural Mental Health Centre."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2006.01883.x","article-title":"Web-based survey of depression, anxiety and stress in first-year tertiary education students in Hong Kong","volume":"40","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.01.023","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety and stress scale-21 in older primary care patients","volume":"110","author":"Gloster","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1080\/00207594.2012.755535","article-title":"Using the depression anxiety stress scale 21 (DASS-21) across cultures","volume":"48","author":"Oei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample","volume":"10","author":"Antony","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(96)00068-X","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples","volume":"35","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1348\/014466503321903544","article-title":"The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample","volume":"42","author":"Crawford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21908","article-title":"The depression anxiety stress scales\u201421 (DASS-21): Further examination of dimensions, scale reliability, and correlates","volume":"68","author":"Osman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S., Sturdivant, R.X., and Ebrary, I. (2013). Applied Logistic Regression, Wiley. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2012.08.027","article-title":"Stress, depression, and intention to leave among nurses in different medical units: Implications for healthcare management\/nursing practice","volume":"108","author":"Chiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2005.11.043","article-title":"Does marriage make people happy, or do happy people get married?","volume":"35","author":"Stutzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Socio-econ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840600642919","article-title":"Depression and health-promoting lifestyles of persons with mental illnesses","volume":"27","author":"Jensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.5.1633","article-title":"Anxiety and depression are related to the outcome of emergency treatment in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"122","author":"Dahlen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430110069030","article-title":"Epidemiological study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders","volume":"262","author":"Ford","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"445","article-title":"Does sleep disturbance predict depression in elderly people? A study in inner London","volume":"43","author":"Livingston","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00188-3","article-title":"Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: A longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults","volume":"39","author":"Breslau","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009241","article-title":"Insomnia in young men and subsequent depression. The Johns Hopkins precursors study","volume":"146","author":"Chang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.157.1.81","article-title":"Sleep complaints and depression in an aging cohort: A prospective perspective","volume":"157","author":"Roberts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12168","article-title":"Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, anxiety, depression and stress in registered nurses in Australia: Phase 2 results","volume":"22","author":"Drury","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12020","article-title":"The impact of shift work on nurses\u2019 job stress, sleep quality and self-perceived health status","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2008.02583.x","article-title":"Factors associated with perceived sleep quality of nurses working on rotating shifts","volume":"18","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04338.x","article-title":"Psychological, lifestyle and coping contributors to chronic fatigue in shift-worker nurses","volume":"59","author":"Samaha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31820c3f87","article-title":"The Impact of work schedules, home, and work demands on self-reported sleep in registered nurses","volume":"53","author":"Trinkoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"189","article-title":"Impacts of shiftwork on sleep quality in a Taiwanese factory","volume":"5","author":"Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fu-Jen J. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"17","article-title":"Shift-time work: Quality of sleep\u2019s bio-psychological health; family function","volume":"15","author":"Hung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Occup. Saf. Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3158","article-title":"The mutual relationship between shift work and depressive complaints\u2014A prospective cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Driesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"2106","article-title":"Sleep habits and its relation to depression","volume":"70","author":"Shimizu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2010.05265.x","article-title":"Insecurity and shiftwork as characteristics of negative work environment: Psychosocial and behavioural mediators","volume":"66","author":"Elovainio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(99)00054-9","article-title":"Morningness-eveningness and intelligence: Early to bed, early to rise will likely make you anything but wise!","volume":"27","author":"Roberts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Royal College of Nursing (2012). A Shift in the Right Direction, Royal College of Nursing. RCN Short Guidance on the Occupational Health and Safety of Shift Working Nurses and Health Care Assistants."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2012.06105.x","article-title":"Individual, situational and lifestyle factors related to shift work tolerance among nurses who are new to and experienced in night work","volume":"69","author":"Bjorvatn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2886","article-title":"Measures to counteract the negative effects of night work","volume":"36","author":"Pallesen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01434.x","article-title":"Factors related to stress and coping among Chinese nurses in Hong Kong","volume":"31","author":"Callaghan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"17","article-title":"The stressors of nurses in the intensive care unit in Hong Kong","volume":"69","author":"Lau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hong Kong Nurs. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2014.10.002","article-title":"The relationships among work stress, resourcefulness, and depression level in psychiatric nurses","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2008.08.009","article-title":"Emotional labour and the clinical settings of nursing care: The perspectives of nurses in East London","volume":"9","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2010.51.432","article-title":"Emotion work and burnout: Cross-sectional study of nurses and physicians in Hungary","volume":"51","author":"Kovacs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"142","article-title":"The changes in labor in nursing professionals. The strengthening of emotional labor","volume":"55","author":"Khang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Econ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940710733115","article-title":"The job demands-resources model: State of the art","volume":"22","author":"Bakker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Manag. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1998.00527.x","article-title":"Job satisfaction and autonomy of Hong Kong registered nurses","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2009.15.1.29","article-title":"Aggression towards health care workers in Spain","volume":"15","author":"Gascon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Envion. Health"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2009.01321.x","article-title":"Violence toward nurses, the work environment, and patient outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Roche","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2011.01392.x","article-title":"Workplace violence against nursing students and nurses: An italian experience","volume":"43","author":"Magnavita","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/nup.12001","article-title":"Doctors\u2019 orders and the language of representation","volume":"14","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nurs. Philos."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.24.40.42.s50","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 views on challenging doctors\u2019 practice in an acute hospital","volume":"24","author":"Churchman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nurs. Stand."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2307\/2392498","article-title":"Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign","volume":"24","author":"Karasek","year":"1979","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/job.327","article-title":"Occupational stress in (inter) action: The interplay between job demands and job resources","volume":"26","author":"Landsbergis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.1990.tb01857.x","article-title":"A Comparison of frequency and sources of nursing job stress perceived by intensive care, hospice and medical-surgical nurses","volume":"15","author":"Foxall","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"26","article-title":"High anxiety","volume":"88","author":"Cole","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nurs. Times"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1998.00791.x","article-title":"Lifestyle practices and the health promoting environment of hospital nurses","volume":"28","author":"Hope","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01522.x","article-title":"Bidirectional interactions between acute psychosocial stress and acute intravenous alcohol in healthy men","volume":"35","author":"Childs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Bressert, S. Stress and Drinking. Available online: http:\/\/psychcentral.com\/lib\/2006\/stress-and-drinking\/August."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/12\/9\/11072\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:48:05Z","timestamp":1760215685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/12\/9\/11072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,7]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph120911072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph120911072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,7]]}}}