{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:57:53Z","timestamp":1777881473944,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]],"date-time":"2015-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006663","name":"National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H133G060180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H133G060180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Community participation is an important goal for people who have experienced homelessness. The aim of this study was to use the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a framework to examine factors associated with community participation among people who are homeless or recently housed through housing programs. Participants (n = 120) recruited from six housing placement and search programs completed measures of community participation (including productivity,  social and leisure, and community-services-use domains), psychiatric and physical symptoms, functional limitations, and a demographic form. Multiple regression analyses were used to identify predictors of overall community participation and subdomain scores. Results suggested that cognitive and mobility limitations, relationship status, and housing status significantly predicted both overall participation and participation in productivity and social and leisure subdomains. Participants who were housed through housing programs,  who had cognitive and mobility limitations, and who were single showed less community participation. The findings suggest that activity limitations and environmental and personal factors may need to be addressed in efforts to enhance community participation in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120911364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T03:46:33Z","timestamp":1442288793000},"page":"11364-11378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Factors Associated with Community Participation among Individuals Who Have Experienced Homelessness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Feng-Hang","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University,  Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Helfrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Therapy Assistant Program, Bristol Community College,  New Bedford, MA 02470, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Coster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Boston University College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division at the Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University,  Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Alliance to End Homelessness The State of Homelessness in America 2012. Available online: http:\/\/www.endhomelessness.org\/content\/article\/detail\/4361."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1446.2008.00726.x","article-title":"Experiences of homeless people in the health care delivery system: A descriptive phenomenological study","volume":"25","author":"Martins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6629(199903)27:2<209::AID-JCOP8>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Getting off the streets: Economic resources and residential exits from homelessness","volume":"27","author":"Zlotnick","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201100047","article-title":"Does housing chronically homeless adults lead to social integration?","volume":"63","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.57.2.177","article-title":"Community participation and quality of life outcomes after adult traumatic brain injury","volume":"57","author":"Huebner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2001). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.10.031","article-title":"Community participation measures for people with disabilities: A systematic review of content from an international classification of functioning, disability and health perspective","volume":"94","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105307080612","article-title":"Applying the gelberg-andersen behavioral model for vulnerable populations to health services utilization in homeless women","volume":"12","author":"Stein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-006-9073-4","article-title":"Community integration of adults with psychiatric disabilities and histories of homelessness","volume":"43","author":"Gulcur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/01488376.2011.524513","article-title":"Short-term employment services for homeless individuals: Perceptions from stakeholders in a community partnership","volume":"37","author":"Radey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Soc. Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200102000-00006","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychosocial functioning after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"189","author":"Bryant","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.08.001","article-title":"Beyond function: Predicting participation in a rehabilitation cohort","volume":"86","author":"Jette","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215507080768","article-title":"Self-rated competency in activities predicts functioning and participation one year after traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Sveen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Burke, M.A. (2010). Active Members of Diverse Communities: Race and the Doing of Diversity. [Ph.D. Thesis, Loyola University Chicago]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1023\/B:COMH.0000022733.12858.cb","article-title":"Community integration in the early phase of housing among homeless persons diagnosed with severe mental illness: Successes and challenges","volume":"40","author":"Yanos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-007-9221-5","article-title":"Factors associated with participation restriction in community-dwelling adults aged 50 years and over","volume":"16","author":"Wilkie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-4065(01)00036-6","article-title":"Productive aging and civic participation","volume":"16","author":"Burr","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Aging Stud."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6629(199001)18:1<79::AID-JCOP2290180112>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"When social support fails: The homeless","volume":"18","author":"Solarz","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, C.J., and Liberman, R.P. (2002). Client\u2019s Assessment of Skills, Interests & Goals (CASIG) Manual and Psychometrics, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Consultants.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15433-000"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"74","article-title":"Factors influencing employers\u2019 willingness to hire people with mental illness: Based on planned behavior theory","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Formosa J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, F.-H. (2013). Factors associated with community participation among people who are homeless with disabilities. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 94.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.176"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Wilson, J.P., and Keane, T.M. (2004). Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.07.010","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the impact of event scale-revised","volume":"41","author":"Creamer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), Available online: http:\/\/www.census.gov\/sipp\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Allen, C.K., Austin, S.L., David, S.K., Earhart, C.A., McCraith, D.B., and Riska-Williams, L. (2007). Allen Cognitive Level Screen-5 (ACLS-5) and Large Allen Cognitive Level screen-5 (LACLS-5), ACLS and LACLS Committee."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3109\/10398562.2010.499432","article-title":"Consumer participation in housing: Reflecting on consumer preferences","volume":"18","author":"Browne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Australas. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5172\/conu.18.3.233","article-title":"Exploring the experience of people with schizophrenia who live in boarding houses or private homes: A grounded theory study","volume":"18","author":"Browne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contemp. Nurse"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2008.01331.x","article-title":"A narrative inquiry: Moving on from homelessness for individuals with a major mental illness","volume":"16","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"115","article-title":"\u201cLike a prison!\u201d: Homeless women\u2019s narratives of surviving shelter","volume":"37","author":"Moe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sociol. Soc. Welf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/15332561003741921","article-title":"A house is not a home: A qualitative assessment of the life experiences of alcoholic homeless women","volume":"10","author":"Burlingham","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Soc. Work Pract. Addict."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2161-1912.2012.00005.x","article-title":"Survival on the streets: Experiences of the homeless population and constructive suggestions for assistance","volume":"40","author":"McBride","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Multicult. Counse. Dev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20431","article-title":"Social support and social network ties among the homeless in a downtown atlanta park","volume":"39","author":"Reirzes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024524","article-title":"Predicting employment status at 2 years\u2019 postdischarge from spinal cord injury rehabilitation","volume":"56","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rehabil. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018583","article-title":"Psychosocial predictors of employment status among men living with spinal cord injury","volume":"55","author":"Burns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rehabil. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-47920","article-title":"Social support, drug use, and employment among low-income women","volume":"31","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20050201-02","article-title":"Social support among homeless and housed mothers: An integrative review","volume":"43","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-009-9388-x","article-title":"Multidimensional social support and the health of homeless individuals","volume":"86","author":"Hwang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2011.03868.x","article-title":"Association between social support and depression in the general population: The HUNT study, a cross-sectional survey","volume":"21","author":"Grav","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764006062096","article-title":"Homelessness and mental illness: A literature review and a qualitative study of perceptions of the adequacy of care","volume":"52","author":"Bhui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.05.008","article-title":"Conceptualizing the construct of participation in adults with disabilities","volume":"95","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036002","article-title":"Measuring community participation of adults with psychiatric disabilities: Reliability of two modes of data collection","volume":"59","author":"Salzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rehabil. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, F., Coster, W.J., Salzer, M.S., Brusilovskiy, E., Ni, P., and Jette, A.M. (2015). A multidimensional measure of participation for adults with serious mental illnesses. Disabil. Rehabil.","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1056843"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/12\/9\/11364\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:48:19Z","timestamp":1760215699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/12\/9\/11364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph120911364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph120911364","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]}}}