{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:44:49Z","timestamp":1787028289843,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]],"date-time":"2015-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Peru is experiencing a stage of nutritional transition where the principal characteristics are typical of countries undergoing development. Objectives:  The objectives of this study were the following: (a) compare physical growth patterns with an international standard; (b) determine biological age; and (c) analyze the double nutritional burden of adolescents living at a moderate altitude in Peru. Design: Weight, standing height, and sitting height were measured in 551 adolescents of both sexes (12.0 to 17.9 years old) from an urban area of Arequipa, Peru (2328 m). Physical growth was compared with the international standard of the CDC-2000. Biological age was determined by using a non-invasive transversal technique based on years from age at peak height velocity (APHV). Nutritional state was determined by means of weight for age and height for age. Z scores were calculated using international standards from the CDC-2000. Results: Body weight for both sexes was similar to the CDC-2000 international standards. At all ages, the girls\u2019 height (p &lt; 0.05) was below the standards. However, the boys\u2019 height (p &lt; 0.05) was less at ages, 15, 16, and 17. Biological age showed up in girls at age 12.7 years and for boys at 15.2 years. Stunted growth (8.7% boys and 18.0% girls) and over weight (11.3% boys and 8.8% girls) occurred in both groups. A relationship existed in both sexes between the categories of weight for the age and stunted growth by sex. Conclusions: Adolescents living at a moderate altitude exhibited stunted linear growth and biological maturation. Furthermore, adolescents of both sexes showed the presence of the double nutritional burden (stunted growth and excessive weight).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121012082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,28]],"date-time":"2015-09-28T03:02:55Z","timestamp":1443409375000},"page":"12082-12094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Physical Growth, Biological Age, and Nutritional Transitions of Adolescents Living at Moderate Altitudes in Peru"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Cossio-Bola\u00f1os","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, Av. San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile"},{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education, State University of Campinas, Avenida \u00c9rico Ver\u00edssimo, 701, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria Zeferino Vaz, Bar\u00e3o Geraldo, CEP 13.083-851, Campinas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossana","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education, State University of Campinas, Avenida \u00c9rico Ver\u00edssimo, 701, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria Zeferino Vaz, Bar\u00e3o Geraldo, CEP 13.083-851, Campinas, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Actividad F\u00edsica y Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, 5 Poniente 1670, Talca, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Research, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Panamerica Sur Km 19 Villa, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Group of Interdisciplinary Studies in Health Sciences and Sport, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca 5 Poniente 1670, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Andruske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Network on Human Biological Development, Urb. Amauta C-6, Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero, Arequipa, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education Center Antonio Jos\u00e9 de Sucre, Leon Velarde Street s\/n, Yanahuara, Arequipa, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Luarte-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Activity, San Sebastian University, General Cruz n 1577, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7371-343X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Actividad F\u00edsica y Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, 5 Poniente 1670, Talca, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Garcia-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Actividad F\u00edsica y Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, 5 Poniente 1670, Talca, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"De Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education, State University of Campinas, Avenida \u00c9rico Ver\u00edssimo, 701, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria Zeferino Vaz, Bar\u00e3o Geraldo, CEP 13.083-851, Campinas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hebestreit, H., and Bar-Or, O. (1996). the Child and Adolescent Athlete, Blackwell Publishing Ltd."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkner, F., and Tanner, J.M. (1986). Human Growth: 2 Postnatal Growth, Springer US.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2101-9"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.S3.507","article-title":"Growth and normal puberty","volume":"102","author":"Abbassi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malina, R.M., Bouchard, C., and Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth Maturation and Physical Activity, Human Kinetics. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492596837"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Malina, R.M. (1998). Young Athletes: Biological, Psycological, and Educational Perspectives, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Tanner, J.M. (1978). Foetus into Man: Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity, Open Books."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22367","article-title":"Developmental functional adaptation to high altitude: Review","volume":"25","author":"Frisancho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"109","article-title":"The effects of high altitude on adolescent growth in southern Peruvian Amerindians","volume":"49","author":"Beall","year":"1977","journal-title":"Hum. Bioi."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Frisancho, A.R. (1978). the Biology of High Altitude Peoples, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.1056","article-title":"Growth of children in two economically diverse Peruvian high-altitude communities","volume":"13","author":"Pawson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21001","article-title":"Persistence of growth stunting in a Peruvian high altitude community, 1964\u20131999","volume":"22","author":"Pawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22388","article-title":"Essential anthropometry: Baseline anthropometric methods for human biologists in laboratory and field situations","volume":"25","author":"Cameron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"UNDP (2013). Informe Sobre Desarrollo Humano 2013, UNDP."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica INEI Per\u00fa: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Poblaci\u00f3n Total por Sexo de las Principales Ciudades, 2000\u20132015. Avaliable online: http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"314","article-title":"The use of World Health Organization growth curves in children and adolescents that live in regions of moderate altitude","volume":"30","author":"Maria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ross, W.D., and Marfell-Jones, M.J. (1991). Physiological Testing of Elite Athlete, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Kuczmarski, R.J., Ogden, C.L., and Guo, S.S. (2000). 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and Development."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"273","article-title":"Issues in the assessment of nutritional status using anthropometry","volume":"72","author":"Gorstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"689","article-title":"An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements","volume":"34","author":"Mirwald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"129","article-title":"Transici\u00f3n nutricional en el Per\u00fa, 1991\u20132005","volume":"24","author":"Mispireta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UNICEF (2007). State of the World\u2019s Children 2007, UNICEF.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511511271"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in stunting and overweight in Peruvian pre-schoolers from 1991 to 2011: Findings from the demographic and health surveys","volume":"1","author":"Urke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Pritchett, L., and Summers, L.H. (1993). Wealthier is Healthier, The World Bank."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.15381\/anales.v75i1.6942","article-title":"Crecimiento f\u00edsico y estado nutricional de adolescentes escolares","volume":"75","author":"Arruda","year":"2014","journal-title":"An. Fac. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22358","article-title":"Andean and Tibetan patterns of adaptation to high altitude","volume":"25","author":"Bigham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eveleth, P.B., and Tanner, J.M. (1990). Worldwide Variation in Human Growth, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511629105"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.521S","article-title":"Growth and pubertal development in children and adolescents: Effects of diet and physical activity","volume":"72","author":"Rogol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.12.3009","article-title":"Stunting is associated with overweight in children of four nations that are undergoing the nutrition transition","volume":"126","author":"Popkin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X","article-title":"Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"382","author":"Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892005000100010","article-title":"The epidemiologic transition in Peru","volume":"17","author":"Huynen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.10.004","article-title":"Stunting, adiposity, and low grade inflammation in African adolescents from a township high school","volume":"26","author":"Kruger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460802660526","article-title":"Determinants of overweight associated with stunting in preschool children of Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon","volume":"36","author":"Allirot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.06.006","article-title":"Body fat distribution in stunted compared with normal-height children from the shantytowns of Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2012.714403","article-title":"Fat free mass explains the relationship between stunting and energy expenditure in urban Mexican Maya children","volume":"39","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.702","article-title":"Why are nutritionally stunted children at increased risk of obesity? Studies of metabolic rate and fat oxidation in shantytown children from Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"72","author":"Hoffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.10191","article-title":"Reduced rate of fat oxidation: A metabolic pathway to obesity in the developing nations","volume":"15","author":"Frisancho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802705","article-title":"The body mass index is a less-sensitive tool for detecting cases with obesity-associated co-morbidities in short stature subjects","volume":"28","author":"Mehta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Mola, C.L., Quispe, R., Valle, G.A., and Poterico, J.A. (2014). Nutritional transition in children under five years and women of reproductive age: A 15-years trend analysis in Peru. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103356"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/12\/10\/12082\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:49:17Z","timestamp":1760215757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/12\/10\/12082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph121012082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph121012082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]}}}