{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T15:20:17Z","timestamp":1776352817112,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]],"date-time":"2015-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breastfed infants have a reduced risk of becoming overweight and\/or obese later  in life. This protective effect has been partly attributed to leptin present in breastmilk.  This study investigated 24-h variations of skim milk leptin and its relationship with breastmilk macronutrients and infant breastfeeding patterns. Exclusive breastfeeding mothers of term singletons (n = 19; age 10 \u00b1 5 weeks) collected pre- and post-feed breastmilk samples for every breastfeed over a 24-h period and test-weighed their infants to determine milk intake at every breastfeed over a 24-h period. Samples (n = 454) were analysed for leptin, protein, lactose and fat content. Skim milk leptin concentration did not change with feeding (p = 0.184). However, larger feed volumes (&gt;105 g) were associated with a decrease in post-feed leptin levels (p = 0.009). There was no relationship between the change in leptin levels and change in protein (p = 0.313) or lactose levels (p = 0.587) between pre- and post-feed milk, but there was a trend for a positive association with changes in milk fat content (p = 0.056). Leptin concentration significantly increased at night (p &lt; 0.001) indicating a possible 24-h pattern. Leptin dose (ng) was not associated with the time between feeds (p = 0.232). Further research should include analysis of whole breastmilk and other breastmilk fractions to extend these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121012340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T02:15:03Z","timestamp":1443665703000},"page":"12340-12355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Effects of Leptin on Breastfeeding Behaviour"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Cannon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Foteini","family":"Kakulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hepworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9025-4922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Geddes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.155","article-title":"A physiological role of breast milk leptin in body weight control in developing infants","volume":"14","author":"Miralles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.09.013","article-title":"Leptin intake during lactation prevents obesity and affects food intake and food preferences in later life","volume":"52","author":"Palou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334412474371","article-title":"Developmental origins of health and disease: The role of human milk in preventing disease in the 21st century","volume":"29","author":"Geddes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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