{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T04:36:14Z","timestamp":1769834174276,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between coarse particles (PM2.5\u201310) levels and frequency of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases (RD) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for RD including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and pneumonia, and ambient air pollution data levels for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period from 2006 to 2010.  The relative risk of hospital admissions for RD was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), increased rate of admissions for RD were significantly associated with higher coarse  PM levels only on cool days (&lt;25 \u00b0C), with a 10 \u00b5g\/m3 elevation in PM2.5\u201310 concentrations associated with a 3% (95% CI = 1%\u20135%) rise in COPD admissions, 4% (95% CI = 1%\u20137%) increase in asthma admissions, and 3% (95% CI = 2%\u20134%) rise in pneumonia admissions. No significant associations were found between coarse particle levels and the number of hospital admissions for RD on warm days. In the two-pollutant models, PM2.5\u201310 levels remained significantly correlated with higher rate of RD admissions even controlling for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, or ozone on cool days. This study provides evidence that higher levels of PM2.5\u201310 enhance the risk of hospital admissions for RD on cool days.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121013053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T14:46:27Z","timestamp":1445006787000},"page":"13053-13068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Coarse Particulate Air Pollution Associated with Increased Risk of Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases in a Tropical City, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Meng-Hsuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui-Fen","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Yuh","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaol 350, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11274-8","article-title":"Air pollution and health","volume":"360","author":"Brunekreef","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390600884644","article-title":"Health effects associated with exposure to ambient air pollution","volume":"70","author":"Samet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.670899","article-title":"The association between chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and ischemic heart disease","volume":"75","author":"Beckerman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2014.946164","article-title":"Integrating health on air quality assessment\u2014Review report on health risks of two major European outdoor air pollutants: PM and NO2","volume":"17","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2014.922388","article-title":"Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases: A case-crossover study in a tropical city","volume":"77","author":"Tsai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2000.10464167","article-title":"Effect of the fine fraction of particulate matter versus the coarse mass and other pollutants on daily nortality in Santiago Chile","volume":"50","author":"Cifuentes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1996.10467528","article-title":"Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles?","volume":"46","author":"Schwartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanobetti, A., Franklin, M., Koutrakis, P., and Schwartz, J. (2009). Fine particulate air pollution and its components in association with cause-specific emergency admissions. Environ. Health, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-58"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2011.556056","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution is associated with higher vulnerability to atrial fibrillation-The APACR study","volume":"74","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2014.960044","article-title":"Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases: A case-crossover study in a tropical city","volume":"78","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1997.10464074","article-title":"Fine particles and coarse particles: Concentration relationship relevant to epidemiologic studies","volume":"47","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.10.1127","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases","volume":"295","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2006.10464485","article-title":"Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect","volume":"36","author":"Pope","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00001805","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence of effects of coarse airborne particles on health","volume":"26","author":"Brunekreef","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(99)00507-X","article-title":"The study of fine and coarse particles, and metallic elements for the daytime and night time in a suburban area of central Taiwan, Taichung","volume":"41","author":"Fang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.08.017","article-title":"Source apportionment of fine and coarse atmospheric particles in Auckland, New Zealand","volume":"340","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800185","article-title":"Emergency admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and the chemical composition of fine particle air pollution","volume":"117","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002646","article-title":"Chemical properties of air pollutants and cause-specific hospital admissions among the elderly in Atlanta, Georgia","volume":"119","author":"Suh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.18.2172","article-title":"Coarse particulate matter air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases among medicare patients","volume":"299","author":"Peng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.039834","article-title":"Air pollution and emergency admissions in Boston, MA","volume":"60","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.036194","article-title":"Short-term associations between fine and coarse particles and hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory diseases in six French cities","volume":"65","author":"Host","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181d5c021","article-title":"Impact of fine and ultrafine particles on emergency hospital admissions for cardiac and respiratory diseaes","volume":"21","author":"Belleudi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.091371","article-title":"Urban air pollution and asthma and COPD hospital emergency room visits","volume":"63","author":"Halonen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31818c7237","article-title":"Particulate air pollution and acute cardiorespiratory hospital admissions and mortality among the elderly","volume":"20","author":"Halonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.033290","article-title":"Size distribution and total number concentration of ultrafine and accumulation mode particles and hospital admissions in children and the elderly in Copenhagen, Denmark","volume":"65","author":"Andersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390801907459","article-title":"Particulate matter (PM2.5, PM2.5\u201310, and PM10) and children\u2019s hospital admissions for asthma and respiratory diseases: A bidirectional case-crossover study","volume":"71","author":"Tecer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stieb, D.M., Szyszkowicz, M., Rowe, B.H., and Leech, J.A. (2009). Air pollution and emergency department visits for cardiac and respiratory conditions: A multi-city time-series analysis. Environ. Health, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-25"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.10.061","article-title":"Age-related association of fine particles and ozone with severe acute asthma in New York city","volume":"125","author":"Silverman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200324","article-title":"Coarse and fine particles but not ultrafine particles in urban air trigger hospital admissions for asthma in children","volume":"67","author":"Iskandar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2013.853337","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and hospital hospital admissions forpneumonia in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan","volume":"77","author":"Tsai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6015","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10116015","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A case-crossover study in Taipei","volume":"10","author":"Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2014.922387","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and hospital hospital admissions for asthma: A case-crossover study in Taipei","volume":"77","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104002","article-title":"Effects of coarse particulate matter on emergency hospital admissions for respiratory diseases: A time-series analysis in Hong Kong","volume":"120","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205429","article-title":"Coarse particulate matter associated with increased risk of emergency hospital admissions for pneumonia in Hong Kong","volume":"69","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws451","article-title":"Coarse particles and respiratory emergency department visits in California","volume":"178","author":"Malig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370500189420","article-title":"The effect of coarse ambient particulate matter on first, second, and overall hospital admissions for respiratory disease among the elderly","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105614","article-title":"The role of particulate size and chemistry in the association between summertime ambient air pollution and hospitalization for cardiorespiratory diseases","volume":"105","author":"Burnett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/00039899909602248","article-title":"Effects of particulate and gaseous air pollution on cardiorespiratory hospitalizations","volume":"54","author":"Burnett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.8.504","article-title":"Particulate matter and daily mortality and hospital admissions in the west midlands conurbation of the United Kingdom: Association with fine and coarse particles, black smoke and sulphate","volume":"58","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181debc88","article-title":"Urban ambient particle metrics and health: A time-series analysis","volume":"21","author":"Atkinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206151","article-title":"Short-term associations between fine and coarse particulate matter and hospitalizations in southern Europe: Results from the MED-PARTICLES project","volume":"121","author":"Stafoggia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115853","article-title":"The case-crossover design: A method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events","volume":"133","author":"Maclure","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780122409","article-title":"Analysis of case-crossover designs","volume":"12","author":"Marshall","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117550","article-title":"Control sampling strategies for case-crossover studies: An assessment of relative efficiency","volume":"142","author":"Mittleman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107629","article-title":"A case-crossover analysis of air pollution and mortality in Philadelphia","volume":"107","author":"Neas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107633","article-title":"Reanalysis of the effects of air pollution on daily mortality in Seoul, Korea: A case-crossover design","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200103000-00010","article-title":"Referent selection in case-crossover analyses of acute health effects of air pollution","volume":"12","author":"Levy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108109","article-title":"Estimating the mortality impacts of particulate matter: What can be learned from between-study variability?","volume":"108","author":"Levy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181315.18836.9d","article-title":"Case-crossover analyses of air pollution exposure data: Referent selection strategies and their implications for bias","volume":"16","author":"Janes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000183170.92955.25","article-title":"Optimal referent selection strategies in case-crossover studies: A settled issue","volume":"16","author":"Mittleman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7095.1658","article-title":"Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: Results from time series data from the APHEA project","volume":"314","author":"Katsouyanni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390306389","article-title":"Relationship between air pollution and daily mortality in a tropical city: Kaohsiung, Taiwan","volume":"66","author":"Tsai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390490276502","article-title":"Relationship between ambient air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Kaohsiung, Taiwan","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401","article-title":"An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities","volume":"329","author":"Dockery","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-014-0022-z","article-title":"Ambient coarse particulate matter and human health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Adar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.10.002","article-title":"Inflammatory effects of coarse and fine particulate matter in relation to chemical and biological constituents","volume":"195","author":"Schins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/01902140303762","article-title":"Response of human alveolar macrophages to ultrafine, fine, and coarse urban air pollution particles","volume":"29","author":"Becker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370601067897","article-title":"Dose and time dependency of inflammatory responses in the mouse lung to urban air coarse, fine, and ultrafine particles from six European cities","volume":"19","author":"Happo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.02.013","article-title":"Lung response to coarse PM: bioassay in mice","volume":"230","author":"Wegesser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2012.632359","article-title":"Composition of air pollution particles and oxidative stress in cells, tissues, and living systems","volume":"15","author":"Ghio","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2011.650235","article-title":"Comparative cardiopulmonary effects of size-fractionated airborne particulate matter","volume":"24","author":"Amatullah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.02.030","article-title":"Biological material on inhaled coarse fraction particulate matter activates airway phagocytes in vivo in healthy volunteers","volume":"117","author":"Alexis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900558","article-title":"Exposure to concentrated coarse air pollution particles causes mild cardiopulmonary effects in healthy young adults","volume":"117","author":"Graff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200305-650OC","article-title":"Airway inflammation in childhood asthma","volume":"168","author":"Turato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60988-4","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1. New insights into the immunology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"378","author":"Brussel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn252","article-title":"Seasonal and regional short-term effects of fine particles on hospital admissions in 202 US counties, 1999\u20132005","volume":"168","author":"Bell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj116","article-title":"Individual-level modifiers of the effects of particulate matter on daily mortality","volume":"163","author":"Zeka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-095X(200011\/12)11:6<689::AID-ENV439>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Bias in the case-crossover design: Implications for studies of air pollution","volume":"11","author":"Lumley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115473","article-title":"Mortality and air pollution in London: A time series analysis","volume":"131","author":"Schwartz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108419","article-title":"Exposure measurement error in time-series studies of air pollution: Concepts and consequences","volume":"108","author":"Zeger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/12\/10\/13053\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:50:15Z","timestamp":1760215815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/12\/10\/13053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph121013053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph121013053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]]}}}