{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T21:14:54Z","timestamp":1785446094825,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,22]],"date-time":"2015-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1SPO16457-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1SPO16457-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1RR025008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1RR025008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U48DP000049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U48DP000049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U58DP000984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U58DP000984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Few interventions have targeted perceived stress as a co-occurring construct central to substance use and subsequent HIV\/AIDS risk reduction among African American urban young adults. The Color It Real Program was a seven session, weekly administered age-specific and culturally-tailored intervention designed to provide substance abuse and HIV education and reduce perceived stress among African Americans ages 18 to 24 in Atlanta, GA. Effectiveness was assessed through a quasi-experimental study design that consisted of intervention (n = 122) and comparison (n = 70) groups completing a pre- and post-intervention survey. A series of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests were used to assess pre- to post-intervention changes between study groups. For intervention participants, perceived stress levels were significantly reduced by the end of the intervention (t(70) = 2.38, p = 0.020), condom use at last sexual encounter significantly increased (F = 4.43, p = 0.0360), intervention participants were significantly less likely to drink five or more alcoholic drinks in one sitting (F = 5.10, p = 0.0245), and to use clean needles when injecting the drug (F = 36.99, p = 0.0001). This study is among the first of its kind to incorporate stress management as an integral approach to HIV\/SA prevention. The program has implications for the design of other community-based, holistic approaches to addressing substance use and risky behaviors for young adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13010051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]],"date-time":"2015-12-23T06:52:19Z","timestamp":1450853539000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Color It Real: A Program to Increase Condom Use and Reduce Substance Abuse and Perceived Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Zellner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine Prevention Research Center, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennie","family":"Trotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wholistic Stress Control Institute, Incorporated, 2545 Benjamin E Mays Drive, Atlanta, GA 30311, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelia","family":"Lenoir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wholistic Stress Control Institute, Incorporated, 2545 Benjamin E Mays Drive, Atlanta, GA 30311, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Walston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wholistic Stress Control Institute, Incorporated, 2545 Benjamin E Mays Drive, Atlanta, GA 30311, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u2019dia","family":"Men-Na\u2019a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wholistic Stress Control Institute, Incorporated, 2545 Benjamin E Mays Drive, Atlanta, GA 30311, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5039-7937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tabia","family":"Henry-Akintobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine Prevention Research Center, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5245-4918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assia","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McKing Consulting Corporation, 2900 Chamblee Tucker Road, Building 10, Suite 100, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CDC HIV Among Youth Fact Sheet; 2013, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/group\/age\/youth\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"CDC HIV\/AIDS Fact Sheet: HIV among African Americans; 2011, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/group\/racialethnic\/africanamericans\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"DCH Georgia HIV\/AIDS Surveillance Summary: Data through 31 December 2009; 2010. 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