{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:21:10Z","timestamp":1788312070796,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]],"date-time":"2016-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the outcome of central nervous system (CNS) infections. In this study, we developed a multiplex PCR-Luminex assay for the simultaneous detection of five major pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, which frequently cause CNS infections. Through the hybridization reaction between multiplex PCR-amplified targets and oligonucleotide \u201canti-TAG\u201d sequences, we found that the PCR-Luminex assay could detect as low as 101\u2013102 copies of synthetic pathogen DNAs. Furthermore, 163 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from patients with suspected CNS infections were used to evaluate the efficiency of this multiplex PCR-Luminex method. Compared with Ziehl-Neelsen stain, this assay showed a high diagnostic accuracy for tuberculosis meningitis (sensitivity, 90.7% and specificity, 99.1%). For cryptococcal meningitis, the sensitivity and specificity were 92% and 97.1%, respectively, compared with the May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) stain. For herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 encephalitis, the sensitivities were 80.8% and 100%, and the specificities were 94.2% and 99%, respectively, compared with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) assays. Taken together, this multiplex PCR-Luminex assay showed potential efficiency for the simultaneous detection of five pathogens and may be a promising supplement to conventional methods for diagnosing CNS infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13020193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]],"date-time":"2016-02-04T10:26:22Z","timestamp":1454581582000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Simultaneous Detection of Five Pathogens from Cerebrospinal Fluid Specimens Using Luminex Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Linfu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of People\u2019s Liberation Army, Baoji 721004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yining","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ix","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2013.04.006","article-title":"Central nervous system infections","volume":"25","author":"Bautista","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. 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