{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T19:03:43Z","timestamp":1761419023495,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]],"date-time":"2016-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01\/OH010188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01\/OH010188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extrathoracic deposition of inhaled particles (i.e., in the head and throat) is an important exposure route for many hazardous materials. Current best practices for exposure assessment of aerosols in the workplace involve particle size selective sampling methods based on particle penetration into the human respiratory tract (i.e., inhalable or respirable sampling). However, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has recently adopted particle deposition sampling conventions (ISO 13138), including conventions for extrathoracic (ET) deposition into the anterior nasal passage (ET1) and the posterior nasal and oral passages (ET2). For this study, polyurethane foam was used as a collection substrate inside an inhalable aerosol sampler to provide an estimate of extrathoracic particle deposition. Aerosols of fused aluminum oxide (five sizes, 4.9 \u00b5m\u201344.3 \u00b5m) were used as a test dust in a low speed (0.2 m\/s) wind tunnel. Samplers were placed on a rotating mannequin inside the wind tunnel to simulate orientation-averaged personal sampling. Collection efficiency data for the foam insert matched well to the extrathoracic deposition convention for the particle sizes tested. The concept of using a foam insert to match a particle deposition sampling convention was explored in this study and shows promise for future use as a sampling device.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13030292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]],"date-time":"2016-03-07T10:25:00Z","timestamp":1457346300000},"page":"292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Estimation of the Human Extrathoracic Deposition Fraction of Inhaled Particles Using a Polyurethane Foam Collection Substrate in an IOM Sampler"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Darrah","family":"Sleeth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational & Environmental Health, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Balthaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational & Environmental Health, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1249-0145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Collingwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational & Environmental Health, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700280202","article-title":"Wood dust and sino-nasal cancer: Pooled reanalysis of twelve case-control studies","volume":"28","author":"Demers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1915","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms and pathophysiological effects of occupational exposure to formaldehyde and wood dust","volume":"14","author":"Holmstrom","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700260207","article-title":"Nasal septum lesions caused by chromium exposure among chromium electroplating workers","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10083","article-title":"Population-based study of non-infectious rhinitis in relation to occupational exposure, age, sex and smoking","volume":"42","author":"Hellgren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/45.2.97","article-title":"Allergen and dust exposure as determinants of work-related symptoms and sensitization in a cohort of flour-exposed workers: A case-control analysis","volume":"45","author":"Cullinan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10216","article-title":"Dying for work: The magnitude of U.S. mortality from selected causes of death associated with occupation","volume":"43","author":"Steenland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2004). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2006): Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, World Health Organization, IARC."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0747-0","article-title":"An in vitro study on the deposition of micrometer-sized particles in the extrathoracic airways of adults during tidal oral breathing","volume":"41","author":"Golshahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2012.667170","article-title":"An idealized child throat that mimics average pediatric oropharyngeal deposition","volume":"46","author":"Golshahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2012.07.013","article-title":"An idealized geometry that mimics average infant nasal airway deposition","volume":"55","author":"Javaheri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mep053","article-title":"Development of a sampler for total aerosol deposition in the human respiratory tract","volume":"53","author":"Koehler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1138","article-title":"Development of a sampler to estimate regional deposition of aerosol in the human respiratory tract","volume":"57","author":"Koehler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6483","DOI":"10.1021\/es201379a","article-title":"A personal nanoparticle respiratory deposition (NRD) sampler","volume":"45","author":"Cena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (1995). Annals of the ICRP, Elsevier Science Inc.. Publication 66."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"225","article-title":"A novel size-selective airborne particle size fractionating instrument for health risk evaluation","volume":"53","author":"Gorbunov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2012). ISO Standard 13138: Air Quality\u2014Sampling Conventions for Airborne Particle Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract, ISO."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(98)00762-9","article-title":"Aerosol inhalability in low air movement environments","volume":"30","author":"Aitken","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"696","article-title":"Sampling conventions for estimating ultrafine and fine aerosol particle deposition in the human respiratory tract","volume":"55","author":"Bartley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/30.1.89","article-title":"A new personal sampler for airborne total dust in workplaces","volume":"30","author":"Mark","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(01)00146-X","article-title":"Measurement of sampling efficiency of porous foam aerosol sampler prototypes","volume":"32","author":"Wrobel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(00)00008-9","article-title":"Applications of low-cost, dual-fraction dust samplers","volume":"45","author":"Kenny","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"386","article-title":"Size selective personal air sampling: A new approach using porous foams","volume":"46","author":"Aitken","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/15428119891011009","article-title":"The adaptation of existing personal inhalable aerosol samplers for bioaerosol sampling","volume":"59","author":"Kenny","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2009.02.005","article-title":"An improved model for particle deposition in porous foams","volume":"40","author":"Clark","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(93)90072-H","article-title":"Porous plastic foam filtration media: Penetration characteristics and applications in particle size-selective sampling","volume":"24","author":"Vincent","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(00)00079-3","article-title":"Investigation and application of a model for porous foam aerosol penetration","volume":"32","author":"Kenny","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(98)00031-3","article-title":"A survey of wind speeds in indoor workplaces","volume":"42","author":"Baldwin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1039\/b806431h","article-title":"Experimental methods to determine inhalability and personal sampler performance for aerosols in ultra-low windspeed environments","volume":"10","author":"Schmees","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"843","article-title":"Comparison of the Grimm 1.108 and 1.109 portable aerosol spectrometer to the TSI 3321 aerodynamic particle sizer for dry particles","volume":"50","author":"Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anthony, T.R., Sleeth, D.K., and Volckens, J. (2015). Sampling efficiency of modified 37-mm sampling cassettes using computational fluid dynamics. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg.","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2015.1091961"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620903418746","article-title":"Evaluation of IOM personal sampler at different flow rates","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820601113282","article-title":"A novel method using polyurethane foam (PUF) substrates to determine trace element concentrations in size-segregated atmospheric particulate matter on short time scales","volume":"41","author":"Dillner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/13\/3\/292\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:20:16Z","timestamp":1760210416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/13\/3\/292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph13030292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph13030292","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]]}}}