{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:55:21Z","timestamp":1783392921293,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]],"date-time":"2016-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To assess concurrent heroin use and correlates among Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) clients in Guangdong Province, China. Method: Demographic and drug use data were collected with a structured questionnaire, and MMT information was obtained from the MMT clinic registration system in Guangdong. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected status and urine morphine results were obtained from laboratory tests. Logistic regressions were employed to investigate the factors associated with concurrent heroin use. Results: Among the 6848 participants, 75% continued using heroin more than once during the first 12 months after treatment initiation. Concurrent heroin use was associated with inharmonious family relationship (OR (odds ratio) = 1.49, 95% CI (confidence intervals): 1.24\u20131.78), HIV positivity (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.55), having multiple sex partners (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.07\u20131.69), having ever taken intravenous drugs (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.69\u20130.95), higher maintenance dose (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.28) and poorer MMT attendance (OR&lt;20% = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.13\u20131.53; OR20%\u2013 = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.14\u20131.54; OR50%\u2013 = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.44\u20132.00). Among those who used heroin concurrently, the same factors, and additionally being older (OR35\u2013 = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.11\u20131.43; OR\u226545 = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.30\u20132.05) and female (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.28\u20132.00), contribute to a greater frequency of heroin use. Conclusions: Concurrent heroin use was prevalent among MMT participants in Guangdong, underscoring the urgent needs for tailored interventions and health education programs for this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13030305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]],"date-time":"2016-03-09T10:38:02Z","timestamp":1457519882000},"page":"305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Concurrent Heroin Use and Correlates among Methadone Maintenance Treatment Clients: A 12-Month Follow-up Study in Guangdong Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Sun Yat-sen Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peizhen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Center for Skin Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STIs Control, No. 2 Lujing Road, Guangzhou 510091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5794-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Sun Yat-sen Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Center for Skin Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STIs Control, No. 2 Lujing Road, Guangzhou 510091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Sun Yat-sen Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Sun Yat-sen Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Sun Yat-sen Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2012.663284","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS and drug use in China\u2014Interactions, impacts, and issues","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subst. 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