{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T11:15:47Z","timestamp":1778670947069,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Suboptimal health status (SHS)\u2014an intermediate state between health and illness\u2014refers to functional somatic symptoms that are medically undiagnosed. Although SHS has become a great challenge for global public health, very little about its etiology and mechanisms are known. Work-recreation balance is a part of work\u2212life balance, and is related to stress which greatly influences health status. We therefore carried out a cross-sectional investigation between 2012 and 2013 within a clustered sample of 24,475 individuals aged 15\u221260 years from a population in southern China. In so doing, we hoped to illuminate the associations between work-recreation balance conditions, healthy lifestyles, and SHS. Work-recreation balance conditions were categorically defined by frequency (\u201crarely, sometimes, or always\u201d). Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II) was used to evaluate the level of healthy lifestyles, and the medical examination report and Sub-Health Measurement Scale V1.0 (SHMS V1.0) were both used to evaluate health status. The ratio of SHS (46.3%) is higher than health status (18.4%) or disease status (35.3%). Overall, 4.9% of respondents reported the lowest level of work-recreation balance, and they scored lower on both the HPLP-II and SHMS V1.0 compared with those who frequently maintained a work-recreation balance. Significant association was found between work-recreation balance behaviors and healthy lifestyles (p &lt; 0.001) after demographic adjustment. In comparison with those reporting a frequent work-recreation balance, individuals whose work-recreation balance was categorically \u201crare\u201d were 1.69 times as likely to develop SHS (odds ratio (OR): 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.49\u20131.92), and those with infrequent work-recreation balance (\u201csometimes\u201d) were 1.71 times more likely to develop SHS (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.62\u20131.81). These findings suggest that work-recreation balance conditions are significantly associated with, and seem to be accurate behavioral indicia of a healthy lifestyle. Poor work-recreation balance is associated with increased risk for SHS; thus, a healthier lifestyle that maintains a work-recreation balance should be promoted in order to reduce the development of SHS or disease in southern China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13030339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]],"date-time":"2016-03-21T11:14:24Z","timestamp":1458558864000},"page":"339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Work-Recreation Balance, Health-Promoting Lifestyles and Suboptimal Health Status in Southern China: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shengwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengzheng","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuqiong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jieyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiuyee","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3081-0103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoshan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2010.03354.x","article-title":"Working condition of nurses in Japan: Awareness of work\u2212life balance among nursing personnel at a university hospital","volume":"20","author":"Tanaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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