{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:47:05Z","timestamp":1762004825938,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]],"date-time":"2016-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81573260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81573260"]}]},{"name":"the China Medical Board","award":["CMB13-132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMB13-132"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Using estimates from the 2013 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, we update evidence on disparities in under-five child injury mortality between developing and developed countries from 1990 to 2013. Methods: Mortality rates were accessed through the online visualization tool by the GBD study 2013 group. We calculated percent change in child injury mortality rates between 1990 and 2013. Data analysis was conducted separately for &lt;1 year and 1\u20134 years to specify age differences in rate changes. Results: Between 1990 and 2013, over 3-fold mortality gaps were observed between developing countries and developed countries for both age groups in the study time period. Similar decreases in injury rates were observed for developed and developing countries (&lt;1 year: \u221250% vs. \u221250% respectively; 1\u20134 years: \u221256% vs. \u221258%). Differences in injury mortality changes during 1990\u20132013 between developing and developed nations varied with injury cause. There were greater reductions in mortality from transport injury, falls, poisoning, adverse effects of medical treatment, exposure to forces of nature, and collective violence and legal intervention in developed countries, whereas there were larger decreases in mortality from drowning, exposure to mechanical forces, and animal contact in developing countries. Country-specific analysis showed large variations across countries for both injury mortality and changes in injury mortality between 1990 and 2013. Conclusions: Sustained higher child injury mortality during 1990\u20132013 for developing countries merits the attention of the global injury prevention community. Countries that have high injury mortality can benefit from the success of other countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13070653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]],"date-time":"2016-07-07T09:49:06Z","timestamp":1467884946000},"page":"653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Disparities in Under-Five Child Injury Mortality between Developing and Developed Countries: 1990\u20132013"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9019-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Rd., Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7365-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Rd., Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2141-8970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Schwebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Rd., Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5002-8015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Rd., Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Peden, M., Oyegbite, K., Ozanne-Smith, J., Hyder, A.A., Branche, C., Rahman, A.F., Rivara, F., and Bartolomeos, K. (2008). World Report on Child Injury Prevention, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61601-9","article-title":"Levels and trends in under-5 mortality, 1990\u20132008","volume":"375","author":"You","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61478-0","article-title":"Can we achieve Millennium Development Goal 4? New analysis of country trends and forecasts of under-5 mortality to 2015","volume":"370","author":"Murray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60549-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: A systematic analysis","volume":"375","author":"Black","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60703-9","article-title":"Neonatal, postneonatal, childhood, and under-5 mortality for 187 countries, 1970\u20132010: A systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4","volume":"375","author":"Rajaratnam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oestergaard, M.Z., Inoue, M., Yoshida, S., Mahanani, W.R., Gore, F.M., Cousens, S., Lawn, J.E., Mathers, C.D., and United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation and the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (2011). Neonatal mortality levels for 193 countries in 2009 with trends since 1990: A systematic analysis of progress, projections, and priorities. PLoS Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001080"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: An updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000","volume":"379","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, K., You, D., Inoue, M., Oestergaard, M.Z., and Technical Advisory Group of United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2012). Child mortality estimation: Accelerated progress in reducing global child mortality, 1990\u20132010. PLoS Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001303"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkema, L., and New, J.R. (2012). Progress toward global reduction in under-five mortality: A bootstrap analysis of uncertainty in Millennium Development Goal 4 estimates. PLoS Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001355"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61719-X","article-title":"Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970\u20132010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60497-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990\u20132013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-82","article-title":"UNICEF report: Enormous progress in child survival but greater focus on newborns urgently needed","volume":"11","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czs143","article-title":"Estimates of performance in the rate of decline of under-five mortality for 113 low- and middle-income countries, 1970\u20132010","volume":"29","author":"Verguet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2008.00046.x","article-title":"Gaps in childhood injury research and prevention: What can developmental scientists contribute?","volume":"2","author":"Morrongiello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Bhalla, K., Hu, G., Bake, T.D., and Baker, S.P. (2012, January 27\u201331). Injuries among children: An unrecognized threat in low- and middle-income countries. Proceedings of the APHA 140th Annual Meeting & EXPO, San Francisco, CA, USA. Available online: https:\/\/apha.confex.com\/apha\/140am\/webprogram\/Paper274373.html."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61899-6","article-title":"GBD 2010: Design, definitions, and metrics","volume":"380","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Visualizations. Available online: www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org\/gbd\/visualizations\/country."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration, Fitzmaurice, C., Dicker, D., Pain, A., Hamavid, H., Moradi-Lakeh, M., MacIntyre, M.F., Allen, C., Hansen, G., and Woodbrook, R. (2015). The global burden of cancer 2013. JAMA Oncol., 1, 505\u2013527."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Longthorne, A., Subramanian, R., and Chen, C.L. (2010). An Analysis of The Significant Decline in Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes in 2008. DOT HS 811 346."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305847","article-title":"Country level economic disparities in child injury mortality","volume":"100","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv100","article-title":"Growing inequalities in child injury deaths in Europe","volume":"25","author":"Sethi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.9.617","article-title":"Towards a more sustainable globalisation: The role of the public health community","volume":"55","author":"Bettcher","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2004.005140","article-title":"Injury and globalisation","volume":"10","author":"Roberts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01629.x","article-title":"Child health in an urbanizing world","volume":"91","author":"Gracey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of China National Data, Available online: http:\/\/data.stats.gov.cn\/easyquery.htm?cn=C01."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2007.016469","article-title":"Road-traffic deaths in China, 1985\u20132005: Threat and opportunity","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.14.139998","article-title":"Legislation coverage for child injury prevention in China","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2007.017822","article-title":"Injury control: An opportunity for China","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60068-4","article-title":"Injury control in China: Priorities and actions","volume":"373","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300589","article-title":"Unintentional injuries among children in resource poor settings: Where do the fingers point?","volume":"97","author":"Balan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.059808","article-title":"Injury prevention and the attainment of child and adolescent health","volume":"87","author":"Harvey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/13\/7\/653\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:34Z","timestamp":1760210734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/13\/7\/653"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph13070653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph13070653","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]]}}}