{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:52:14Z","timestamp":1768319534192,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]],"date-time":"2016-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015R1A6A1A04020885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015R1A6A1A04020885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013-010514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-010514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>2,4,6-Tribromophenol (TBP) is a brominated flame retardant (BFR). Based on its affinity for transthyretin, TBP could compete with endogenous thyroid hormone. In this study, the effects of TBP on the thyroid hormone system were assessed in mice. Briefly, animals were exposed to 40 and 250 mg\/kg TBP. Thyroid hormones were also administered with or without TBP. When mice were treated with TBP, deiodinase 1 (Dio1) and thyroid hormone receptor \u03b2 isoform 2 (Thr\u03b22) decreased in the pituitary gland. The levels of deiodinase 2 (Dio2) and growth hormone (Gh) mRNA increased in response to 250 mg\/kg of TBP, and the relative mRNA level of thyroid stimulating hormone \u03b2 (Tsh\u03b2) increased in the pituitary gland. Dio1 and Thr\u03b21 expression in the liver were not altered, while Dio1 decreased in response to co-treatment with thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland activity decreased in response to TBP, as did the levels of free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine in serum. Taken together, these findings indicate that TBP can disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis and the presence of TBP influenced thyroid actions as regulators of gene expression. These data suggest that TBP interferes with thyroid hormone systems<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13070697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]],"date-time":"2016-07-12T10:01:21Z","timestamp":1468317681000},"page":"697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["2,4,6-Tribromophenol Interferes with the Thyroid Hormone System by Regulating Thyroid Hormones and the Responsible Genes in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dongoh","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 362-763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7176-7108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changhwan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 362-763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eui-Ju","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7052-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beum-Soo","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biomaterial Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Kyeongnam 50463, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Hwan","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 362-763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Chul","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 362-763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8936-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eui-Bae","family":"Jeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 362-763, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16158","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160716158","article-title":"Thyroid hormone mediated modulation of energy expenditure","volume":"16","author":"Vaitkus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2000.10.141","article-title":"The thyroxine-binding proteins","volume":"10","author":"Schussler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.06.007","article-title":"Principles and pitfalls of free hormone measurements","volume":"27","author":"Faix","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-104-3-697","article-title":"Effect of decreased hepatic nuclear l-triiodothyronine receptors on the response of hepatic enzymes to l-triiodothyronine in tumor-bearing rats","volume":"104","author":"Grajower","year":"1979","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.10.033","article-title":"Mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions","volume":"213","author":"Bassett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.49.465","article-title":"The activity of bisphenol a depends on both the estrogen receptor subtype and the cell type","volume":"49","author":"Kurosawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9030698","article-title":"Biomarker genes for detecting estrogenic activity of endocrine disruptors via estrogen receptors","volume":"9","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020209","article-title":"Thyroid hormone action is disrupted by bisphenol a as an antagonist","volume":"87","author":"Moriyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2013.08.005","article-title":"Thyroid endocrine system disruption by pentachlorophenol: An in vitro and in vivo assay","volume":"142\u2013143","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.07.027","article-title":"Disruption of thyroid hormone functions by low dose exposure of tributyltin: An in vitro and in vivo approach","volume":"206","author":"Sharan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, W., Huang, Z., Chen, L., Feng, C., Li, B., and Li, T. (2014). Thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish larvae after exposure to mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (mehp). PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092465"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.08.019","article-title":"Role of the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) in the control of thyroid hormone signaling","volume":"1830","author":"Fonseca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.11.007","article-title":"Novel brominated flame retardants: A review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour","volume":"37","author":"Covaci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(03)00123-5","article-title":"Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants","volume":"29","author":"Watanabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/56.1.95","article-title":"Potent competitive interactions of some brominated flame retardants and related compounds with human transthyretin in vitro","volume":"56","author":"Meerts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.12.049","article-title":"Hormonal activities of new brominated flame retardants","volume":"87","author":"Cajthaml","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.11.016","article-title":"Chronic exposure to environmental levels of tribromophenol impairs zebrafish reproduction","volume":"243","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(03)00104-1","article-title":"Are brominated flame retardants endocrine disruptors?","volume":"29","author":"Legler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00469-6","article-title":"Brominated phenols: Characterization of estrogen-like activity in the human breast cancer cell-line MCF-7","volume":"129","author":"Olsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703","article-title":"A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human","volume":"7","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1972.tb03733.x","article-title":"A histometric thyroid gland activation index (preliminary report)","volume":"95","author":"Kalisnik","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.45.4.425","article-title":"Use of the laboratory rat as a model in endocrine disruptor screening and testing","volume":"45","author":"Gray","year":"2004","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-3-66","article-title":"Biology and physiology of calbindin-D9k in female reproductive tissues: Involvement of steroids and endocrine disruptors","volume":"3","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.8.5333","article-title":"3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine stimulates type 1 5\u2019deiodinase activity in rat Anterior Pituitaries in vivo and in Reaggregate Cultures and GH3 Cells in vitro","volume":"138","author":"Baur","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1698","article-title":"The selective loss of the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in mouse thyrotrophs increases basal TSH but blunts the thyrotropin response to hypothyroidism","volume":"156","author":"Luongo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E688","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00417.2007","article-title":"Thermogenic effect of triiodothyroacetic acid at low doses in rat adipose tissue without adverse side effects in the thyroid axis","volume":"294","author":"Calvo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-10-0481","article-title":"Deiodinases: The balance of thyroid hormone: Type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase in human physiology and disease","volume":"209","author":"Maia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2013","article-title":"Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Mullur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-118-5-2125","article-title":"Regulation of thyrotropin (TSH) bioactivity by tsh-releasing hormone and thyroid hormone","volume":"118","author":"Petrick","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"77","article-title":"Regulation of hypothalamic trh production and release in the rat","volume":"19","author":"Rondeel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Med. Austriaca"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1996.0222","article-title":"Mechanism of simultaneous iodination and coupling catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase","volume":"330","author":"Taurog","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-100-4-1129","article-title":"The importance of thyroglobulin structure in thyroid peroxidase-catalyzed conversion of diiodotyrosine to thyroxine","volume":"100","author":"Lamas","year":"1977","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"341","article-title":"Thyroid function tests: A review","volume":"13","author":"Shivaraj","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1988.tb03684.x","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormones (T4,T3), bromocriptine and Triac on inappropriate TSH hypersecretion","volume":"28","author":"Salmela","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs098","article-title":"Effects of chronic exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of brominated flame retardants on the reproductive and thyroid system in adult male rats","volume":"127","author":"Ernest","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci. Off. J. Soc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-012-9750-y","article-title":"Decabromobiphenyl, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and brominated phenolic compounds in serum of cats diagnosed with the endocrine disease feline hyperthyroidism","volume":"63","author":"Norrgran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/13\/7\/697\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:54Z","timestamp":1760210754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/13\/7\/697"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph13070697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph13070697","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]]}}}