{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:39:17Z","timestamp":1792103957391,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultraviolet (UV) filters are used widely in cosmetics, plastics, adhesives and other industrial products to protect human skin or products against direct exposure to deleterious UV radiation. With growing usage and mis-disposition of UV filters, they currently represent a new class of contaminants of emerging concern with increasingly reported adverse effects to humans and other organisms. Exposure to UV filters induce various endocrine disrupting effects, as revealed by increasing number of toxicological studies performed in recent years. It is necessary to compile a systematic review on the current research status on endocrine disrupting effects of UV filters toward different organisms. We therefore summarized the recent advances on the evaluation of the potential endocrine disruptors and the mechanism of toxicity for many kinds of UV filters such as benzophenones, camphor derivatives and cinnamate derivatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13080782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T10:10:31Z","timestamp":1470219031000},"page":"782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":174,"title":["Recent Advances on Endocrine Disrupting Effects of UV Filters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liumeng","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenggan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Quality Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanye","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Zhejiang Agriculture &amp; Forestry University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shulin","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316022, China"},{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2011.00654.x","article-title":"Review of sunscreen and the emergence of non-conventional absorbers and their applications in ultraviolet protection","volume":"33","author":"Morabito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-2023(02)00204-9","article-title":"Sources and measurement of ultraviolet radiation","volume":"28","author":"Diffey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13040383","article-title":"Changes in cosmetics use during pregnancy and risk perception by women","volume":"13","author":"Marie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2007.02404.x","article-title":"Sunscreen ingredients and labelling: A survey of products available in the UK","volume":"32","author":"Wahie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2009.03.010","article-title":"Chemical analysis and ecotoxicological effects of organic UV-absorbing compounds in aquatic ecosystems","volume":"28","year":"2009","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Balmer, M.E., Buser, H.R., M\u00fcller, M.D., and Poiger, T. (2004). Agroscope, Swiss Federal Research Station for Horticulture, Plant Protecting Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.09.004","article-title":"Ecological risks of home and personal care products in the riverine environment of a rural region in South China without domestic wastewater treatment facilities","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.09.079","article-title":"Exposure patterns of UV filters, fragrances, parabens, phthalates, organochlor pesticides, PBDEs, and PCBs in human milk: Correlation of UV filters with use of cosmetics","volume":"81","author":"Schlumpf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.12.034","article-title":"Determination of parabens and benzophenone-type UV filters in human placenta. First description of the existence of benzyl paraben and benzophenone-4","volume":"88","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.05.062","article-title":"Detection of emerging contaminants (UV filters, UV stabilizers and musks) in marine mussels from Portuguese coast by QuEChERS extraction and GC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"493","author":"Groz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5619","DOI":"10.1021\/es400675y","article-title":"First determination of UV Filters in marine mammals. Octocrylene levels in Franciscana dolphins","volume":"47","author":"Alonso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4624","DOI":"10.1021\/es204415a","article-title":"Urinary concentrations of benzophenone-type UV Filters in U.S. women and their association with endometriosis","volume":"46","author":"Kunisue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2012.01280.x","article-title":"Sunscreens: Are they beneficial for health? An overview of endocrine disrupting properties of UV-filters","volume":"35","author":"Krause","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12030","article-title":"Commonly used UV filter toxicity on biological functions: Review of last decade studies","volume":"35","author":"Gilbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1-E14","article-title":"NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (CAS No. 131-57-7) Administered topically and in dosed feed to F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice","volume":"21","author":"French","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxic. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010.10.031","article-title":"Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to the UV-filter octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) on the reproductive, auditory and neurological development of rat offspring","volume":"250","author":"Axelstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2008.12.008","article-title":"Female sexual behavior, estrous cycle and gene expression in sexually dimorphic brain regions after pre- and postnatal exposure to endocrine active UV filters","volume":"30","author":"Faass","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3129","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting effect of the ultraviolet filter benzophenone-3 in zebrafish, Danio rerio","volume":"34","author":"Kinnberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.10.053","article-title":"Ecotoxicological evaluation of four UV filters using marine organisms from different trophic levels Isochrysis galbana, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Paracentrotus lividus, and Siriella armata","volume":"104","author":"Paredes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.11.026","article-title":"Single and joint ecotoxicity data estimation of organic UV filters and nanomaterials toward selected aquatic organisms. Urban groundwater risk assessment","volume":"145","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.04.036","article-title":"Acute toxicity of benzophenone-type UV filters for Photobacterium phosphoreum and Daphnia magna: QSAR analysis, interspecies relationship and integrated assessment","volume":"135","author":"Hui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109239","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens","volume":"109","author":"Schlumpf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2004.03.027","article-title":"Assessment of hormonal activity of UV filters in tadpoles of frog Xenopus laevis at environmental concentrations","volume":"58","author":"Kunz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Axelsson, J. (2008). Differentiation of Brain and Reproductive Organs in Birds: Effects of Environmental Contaminants. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Uppsala University]."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"240","article-title":"Ultraviolet filters differentially impact the expression of key endocrine and stress genes in embryos and larvae of Chironomus riparius","volume":"557\u2013558","author":"Morcillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfj082","article-title":"Comparison of in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity of UV filters in fish","volume":"90","author":"Kunz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2008.08.018","article-title":"Estrogenic activity and reproductive effects of the UV-filter oxybenzone (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl-methanone) in fish","volume":"90","author":"Coronado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.12.014","article-title":"Ecotoxicological effect characterisation of widely used organic UV filters","volume":"163","author":"Kaiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2006.10.026","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic gene regulation in brain as a target for endocrine disrupters: Developmental exposure of rats to 4-methylbenzylidene camphor","volume":"218","author":"Maerkel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.04.037","article-title":"Hormonal activity, cytotoxicity and developmental toxicity of UV filters","volume":"131","author":"Krifaton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.7773\/cm.v40i3.2390","article-title":"Evaluation of the estrogenic effects of UV filters on the sergeant major damselfish, Abudefduf saxatilis","volume":"49","author":"Soto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cienc. Mar."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.01.004","article-title":"Estrogenic activity of 37 components of commercial sunscreen lotions evaluated by in vitro assays","volume":"19","author":"Morohoshi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. in Vitro"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.07.005","article-title":"Estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities of 17 benzophenone derivatives used as UV stabilizers and sunscreens","volume":"203","author":"Suzuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.07.017","article-title":"Profiling of benzophenone derivatives using fish and human estrogen receptor-specific in vitro bioassays","volume":"232","author":"Escande","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.08.004","article-title":"Effects of the UV filter benzophenone-2 on reproduction in fish","volume":"225","author":"Weisbrod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2006.06.016","article-title":"Multiple hormonal activities of UV filters and comparison of in vivo and in vitro estrogenic activity of ethyl-4-aminobenzoate in fish","volume":"79","author":"Kunz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.12.002","article-title":"Metabolism of UV-filter benzophenone-3 by rat and human liver microsomes and its effect on endocrine-disrupting activity","volume":"282","author":"Watanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfi035","article-title":"Interaction of polycyclic musks and UV Filters with the estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), and progesterone receptor (PR) in reporter gene bioassays","volume":"83","author":"Schreurs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2009.12.005","article-title":"The UV-filter benzophenone-1 inhibits 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3: Virtual screening as a strategy to identify potential endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"79","author":"Nashev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1280","article-title":"The ultraviolet filter benzophenone 2 interferes with the thyroid hormone axis in rats and is a potent in vitro Inhibitor of human recombinant thyroid peroxidase","volume":"148","author":"Schmutzler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.06.040","article-title":"Multi-organic endocrine disrupting activity of the UV screen benzophenone 2 (BP2) in ovariectomized adult rats after 5 days treatment","volume":"205","author":"Jarry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9369","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors and the thyroid gland\u2014A combined in vitro and in vivo analysis of potential new biomarkers","volume":"115","author":"Schmutzler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-002-0348-4","article-title":"Estrogenic activity of UV filters determined by an in vitro reporter gene assay and an in vivo transgenic zebrafish assay","volume":"76","author":"Schreurs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110533","article-title":"Confirmation of uterotrophic activity of 3-(4-methylbenzylidine)camphor in the immature rat","volume":"110","author":"Tinwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390590895054","article-title":"Estrogenic activity of cosmetic components in reporter cell lines: Parabens, UV Screens, and musks","volume":"68","author":"Gomez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0773.2002.t01-3-910403.x","article-title":"The chemical UV-filter 3-benzylidene camphor causes an oestrogenic effect in an in vivo fish assay","volume":"91","author":"Holbech","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(03)00016-X","article-title":"Activation of estrogen receptor \u03b1 and ER\u03b2 by 4-methylbenzylidene-camphor in human and rat cells: Comparison with phyto- and xenoestrogens","volume":"142","author":"Mueller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00340-8","article-title":"Effect of UV screens and preservatives on vitellogenin and choriogenin production in male medaka (Oryzias latipes)","volume":"194","author":"Inui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2005.05.006","article-title":"Comparison of effects of estradiol (E2) with those of octylmethoxycinnamate (OMC) and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC)\u20142 filters of UV light\u2014On several uterine, vaginal and bone parameters","volume":"210","author":"Seidlovawuttke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg102","article-title":"UV Filters with antagonistic action at androgen receptors in the MDA-kb2 Cell transcriptional-activation assay","volume":"74","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.04.023","article-title":"UV filters induce transcriptional changes of different hormonal receptors in Chironomus riparius embryos and larvae","volume":"214","author":"Aquilino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2004.12.055","article-title":"Sex- and region-specific alterations of progesterone receptor mRNA levels and estrogen sensitivity in rat brain following developmental exposure to the estrogenic UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor","volume":"19","author":"Maerkel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.06.041","article-title":"Endocrine active compounds affect thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in serum as well as endpoints of thyroid hormone action in liver, heart and kidney","volume":"205","author":"Schmutzler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.06.088","article-title":"Effects of a 5-day treatment with the UV-filter octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC) on the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary\u2013thyroid function in rats","volume":"238","author":"Klammer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.1021\/es2004057","article-title":"Determination of benzotriazole and benzophenone UV Filters in sediment and sewage sludge","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.09.013","article-title":"Occurrence, distribution and ecological risk assessment of multiple classes of UV filters in surface waters from different countries","volume":"67","author":"Tsui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12532","DOI":"10.1021\/es4032908","article-title":"Characteristic profiles of benzonphenone-3 and its derivatives in urine of children and adults from the United States and China","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1021\/es051380x","article-title":"Seasonal variations in concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water and reclaimed wastewater in Southern California","volume":"40","author":"Loraine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.06.043","article-title":"Endocrine activity and developmental toxicity of cosmetic UV filters\u2014An update","volume":"205","author":"Schlumpf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"120","article-title":"Effects of in vivo exposure to UV filters (4-MBC, OMC, BP-3, 4-HB, OC, OD-PABA) on endocrine signaling genes in the insect Chironomus riparius","volume":"456\u2013457","author":"Morcillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.01.033","article-title":"Evaluation of the estrogenic and oxidative stress effects of the UV filter 3-benzophenone in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleuthero-embryos","volume":"115","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerdivel, G., Le Guevel, R., Habauzit, D., Brion, F., Ait-Aissa, S., and Pakdel, F. (2013). Estrogenic potency of benzophenone UV filters in breast cancer cells: Proliferative and transcriptional activity substantiated by docking analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060567"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10927","DOI":"10.1021\/jp306130y","article-title":"Molecular modeling studies of the structural, electronic, and UV absorption properties of benzophenone derivatives","volume":"116","author":"Correa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1021\/tx500232b","article-title":"Atomic insights into distinct hormonal activities of bisphenol A analogues toward PPAR\u03b3 and ER\u03b1 receptors","volume":"27","author":"Zhuang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.10.024","article-title":"Molecular interactions of benzophenone UV filters with human serum albumin revealed by spectroscopic techniques and molecular modeling","volume":"263","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.1986","article-title":"Distinct mechanisms of endocrine disruption of DDT-related pesticides toward estrogen receptor \u03b1 and estrogen-related receptor \u03b3","volume":"31","author":"Zhuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.02.009","article-title":"Toxicokinetics and metabolisms of benzophenone-type UV filters in rats","volume":"248","author":"Jeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(94)90101-5","article-title":"Disposition of benzophenone-3 after dermal administration in male rats","volume":"73","author":"Okereke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2006.08.001","article-title":"Formation of estrogenic products from benzophenone after exposure to sunlight","volume":"167","author":"Hayashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0594-34","article-title":"Male pseudohermaphroditism caused by mutations of testicular 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3","volume":"7","author":"Geissler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1996.0222","article-title":"Mechanism of simultaneous iodination and coupling catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase","volume":"330","author":"Taurog","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2006.02.026","article-title":"Distribution of the UV filter 3-benzylidene camphor in rat following topical application","volume":"834","author":"Ganderup","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1021\/es052088s","article-title":"Occurrence of UV filters 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and octocrylene in fish from various Swiss rivers with inputs from wastewater treatment plants","volume":"40","author":"Buser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2533\/chimia.2008.345","article-title":"Endocrine active UV filters: Developmental toxicity and exposure through breast milk","volume":"62","author":"Schlumpf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chimia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10983","article-title":"Region-specific growth effects in the developing rat prostate following fetal exposure to estrogenic ultraviolet filters","volume":"116","author":"Hofkamp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.02.015","article-title":"Estrogenic activity and estrogen receptor beta binding of the UV filter 3-benzylidene camphor. Comparison with 4-methylbenzylidene camphor","volume":"199","author":"Schlumpf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1272","article-title":"Estrogen target gene regulation and coactivator expression in rat uterus after developmental exposure to the ultraviolet filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor","volume":"146","author":"Durrer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2013.08.006","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of the UV-filters benzyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octyl salicylate, homosalate, 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor and 3-benzylidene camphor in human placental tissue by LC\u2013MS\/MS. Assessment of their in vitro endocrine activity","volume":"936","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2007.02.012","article-title":"UV filters: From sunscreens to human body and the environment","volume":"26","author":"Giokas","year":"2007","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1021\/es040055r","article-title":"Occurrence of some organic UV filters in wastewater, in surface waters, and in fish from Swiss lakes","volume":"39","author":"Balmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.04.012","article-title":"Fate and removal of polycyclic musks, UV filters and biocides during wastewater treatment","volume":"40","author":"Kupper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02492.x","article-title":"Sunscreens in human plasma and urine after repeated whole-body topical application","volume":"22","author":"Janjua","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamann, I., Hofmann, P., Schmutzler, C., Mentrup, B., Huhne, K., Jarry, H., Seidlov\u00e1-Wuttke, D., Wuttke, W., and K\u00f6Hrle, J. (2005). 4MBC and OMC, components of UV-sunscreens, exert organ specific alterations on type I 5\u2032-Deiodinase activity and expression in female rats. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 113\u2013138.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-862997"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.09.085","article-title":"Interactions of benzotriazole UV stabilizers with human serum albumin: Atomic insights revealed by biosensors, spectroscopies and molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"144","author":"Zhuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.07.050","article-title":"Atomic-scale investigation of the interactions between tetrabromobisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol S and bovine trypsin by spectroscopies and molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"299","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/13\/8\/782\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:27:39Z","timestamp":1760210859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/13\/8\/782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph13080782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph13080782","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]]}}}