{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:21:19Z","timestamp":1783938079972,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Health, UK"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The numbers of incarcerated people suffering from drug dependence has steadily risen since the 1980s and only a small proportion of these receive appropriate treatment. A systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness and economic evidence of non-pharmacological interventions for drug using offenders was conducted. Methods: Cochrane Collaboration criteria were used to identify trials across 14 databases between 2004 and 2014. A series of meta-analyses and an economic appraisal were conducted. Results: 43 trials were identified showing to have limited effect in reducing re-arrests RR 0.97 (95% CI 0.89\u20131.07) and drug use RR 0.90 (95% CI 0.80\u20131.00) but were found to significantly reduce re-incarceration RR 0.70 (95% CI 0.57\u20130.85). Therapeutic community programs were found to significantly reduce the number of re-arrests RR 0.70 (95% CI 0.56\u20130.87). 10 papers contained economic information. One paper presented a cost-benefit analysis and two reported on the cost and cost effectiveness of the intervention. Conclusions: We suggest that therapeutic community interventions have some benefit in reducing subsequent re-arrest. We recommend that economic evaluations should form part of standard trial protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13100966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T09:54:50Z","timestamp":1475142890000},"page":"966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Are Non-Pharmacological Interventions Effective in Reducing Drug Use and Criminality? A Systematic and Meta-Analytical Review with an Economic Appraisal of These Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0279-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, ARRC Building, 2nd Floor, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Woodhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, ARRC Building, 2nd Floor, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1802-0168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Neilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, ARRC Building, 2nd Floor, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4679-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marrissa","family":"Martyn St James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics and Decision Science, School for Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1253-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Glanville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Health Economics Consortium Ltd., Enterprise House, Innovation Way, University of York, York YO10 5NQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Hewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Trials Unit and NIHR RDS YH, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, ARRC Building, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1421-2966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic","family":"Tr\u00e9pel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, ARRC Building, 2nd Floor, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7071.1524","article-title":"Point Prevalence of Mental Disorder in Un-convicted Male Prisoners in England and Wales","volume":"313","author":"Brooke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. 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