{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:38:00Z","timestamp":1776181080914,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]],"date-time":"2016-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 P42 ES007381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 P42 ES007381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fish is a major source of nutrients critical for brain development during early life. The importance of childhood fish consumption is supported by several studies reporting associations of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation with better behavior and school performance. However, fish may have a different effect than n-3 PUFA alone due to the neurotoxic effects of methylmercury, a frequent contaminant. We investigated associations of childhood fish consumption with learning and behavioral disorders in birth cohort study of the neurotoxic effects of early life exposure to solvent-contaminated drinking water. Childhood (age 7\u201312 years) fish consumption and learning and behavioral problems were reported in self-administered questionnaires (age 23\u201341 at questionnaire completion). Fish consumption was not meaningfully associated with repeating a grade, tutoring, attending summer school, special class placement, or low educational attainment. However, participants who ate fish several times a week had an elevated odds of Attention Deficit Disorder\/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (odds ratio: 5.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.5\u201318) compared to participants who did not eat fish. While these findings generally support the safety of the observed level of fish consumption, the absence of a beneficial effect may be attributed to insufficient fish intake or the choice of relatively low n-3 PUFA fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13111069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]],"date-time":"2016-11-02T10:00:35Z","timestamp":1478080835000},"page":"1069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Childhood Fish Consumption and Learning and Behavioral Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jenny","family":"Carwile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5299-4946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Janulewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Aschengrau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.179S","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States","volume":"71","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. 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