{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:23:21Z","timestamp":1790205801871,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]],"date-time":"2016-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We assessed the urinary concentration of 16 phthalate metabolites in 57 women with and without uterine leiomyoma (n = 30 and 27; respectively) to determine the association between phthalate exposure and uterine leiomyoma. To evaluate exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); we calculated the molar sum of DEHP metabolites; \u22113-DEHP (combining mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP); mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP); and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate); \u22114-DEHP (\u22113-DEHP plus mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate); and \u22115-DEHP (\u22114-DEHP plus mono (2-(carboxylmethyl)hexyl) phthalate (2cx-MMHP)). The log transformed urinary levels of MEHP; MEHHP; 2cx-MMHP; \u22113-DEHP; \u22114-DEHP; and \u22115-DEHP in the leiomyoma group were significantly higher than those of controls. When we adjusted for age; waist circumference; and parity using multiple logistic regression analyses; we found log \u22113-DEHP (OR = 10.82; 95% CI = 1.25; 93.46) and \u22114-DEHP (OR = 8.78; 95% CI = 1.03; 75.29) were significantly associated with uterine leiomyoma. Our findings suggest an association between phthalate exposure and uterine leiomyoma. However; larger studies are needed to investigate potential interactions between phthalate exposure and uterine leiomyoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13121247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]],"date-time":"2016-12-15T10:53:16Z","timestamp":1481799196000},"page":"1247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Increased Urinary Phthalate Levels in Women with Uterine Leiomyoma: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University, 170 Joohwa-ro, Goyang-si, Kyeogi-do 10380, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2590-4722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younglim","family":"Kho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Environment and Safety, School of Human &amp; Environmental Service, Eulji University, 553 Sansung-daero, Seongnam-si, Kyeogi-do 13135, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoung","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University, 170 Joohwa-ro, Goyang-si, Kyeogi-do 10380, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University, 170 Joohwa-ro, Goyang-si, Kyeogi-do 10380, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University, 170 Joohwa-ro, Goyang-si, Kyeogi-do 10380, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melisa","family":"Bunderson-Schelvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs 283, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4290-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs 283, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199404000-00011","article-title":"Hysterectomy in the United States, 1988\u20131990","volume":"83","author":"Wilcox","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet. 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