{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:13:31Z","timestamp":1789085611372,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,29]],"date-time":"2017-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus\/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV\/AIDS) disproportionately burdens African American youth and young adults. In studies conducted in Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) settings, African American youth generally perceive themselves as having a low risk of contracting HIV and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) despite having higher rates of unprotected sexual encounters, multiple sex partners, and particularly low rates of HIV testing and awareness of HIV status. These findings position HBCUs in a pivotal role for theory-based research and practice to modify behaviors in order to decrease HIV acquisition risk. Get Students Mobilized and Retooled to Transform (SMART) is an interventional research project in an urban HBCU in a northeastern metropolitan area in the US. The project is designed to assess and then address irresponsible behavior among students on college campuses that leads to illicit drug use, excessive alcohol consumption and underage drinking, and risky sexual behaviors that increase the likelihood of acquiring HIV and STDs. As gender plays a critical role in interventions, this article explores gender similarities and differences to inform the planning and implementation of Get SMART and any subsequent projects that address substance and alcohol use and HIV in an HBCU setting. Survey research was conducted to find similar and different factors that may be valuable in implementing and tailoring evidence-based interventions in a predominantly African American campus setting. Survey results revealed that more young adult women consume alcohol and use marijuana than young adult men. Young adult men were also more likely to be tested for HIV when compared to young adult women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14020133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T11:36:30Z","timestamp":1485776190000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Similarities and Differences Matter: Considering the Influence of Gender on HIV Prevention Programs for Young Adults in an Urban HBCU"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Lindong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorece","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabriya","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaoluwa","family":"Fajobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.2.198","article-title":"HIV prevalence and associated risks in young men who have sex with men","volume":"284","author":"Valleroy","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1363\/3600604","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: Incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000","volume":"36","author":"Weinstock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2014). HIV among African American Youth."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-010-9306-4","article-title":"Unpacking the racial disparity in HIV rates: The effect of race on risky sexual behavior among Black young men who have sex with men (YMSM)","volume":"34","author":"Clerkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200404150-00011","article-title":"Associations of race\/ethnicity with HIV prevalence and HIV-related behaviors among young men who have sex with men in 7 urban centers in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Harawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"52S","article-title":"Focusing \u201cdown low\u201d: Bisexual black men, HIV risk and heterosexual transmission","volume":"97","author":"Millett","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.02.011","article-title":"Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among adolescents and young adults in the United States","volume":"39","author":"Rangel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9944-8","article-title":"Trends in HIV diagnoses and testing among US adolescents and young adults","volume":"16","author":"Hall","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-009-9363-6","article-title":"Sexual mixing patterns and partner characteristics of black MSM in Massachusetts at increased risk for HIV infection and transmission","volume":"86","author":"Mimiaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasman, M. (2013). The Changing Face of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Penn Center for Minority Serving Institutions.","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137480415"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1363\/3623904","article-title":"Implications of racial and gender differences in patterns of adolescent risk behavior for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"36","author":"Halpern","year":"2004","journal-title":"Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.15288\/jsas.2002.s14.101","article-title":"Alcohol use and risky sexual behavior among college students and youth: Evaluating the evidence","volume":"s14","author":"Cooper","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Suppl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.075747","article-title":"Sexual and drug behavior patterns and HIV and STD racial disparities: The need for new directions","volume":"97","author":"Hallfors","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"25","article-title":"HIV on historically black colleges and universities (HBCU): A study of five campuses in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana","volume":"40","author":"Chng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coll. Stud. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491112600507","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS knowledge scores and perceptions of risk among African American students attending historically black colleges and universities","volume":"126","author":"Sutton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2012.687864","article-title":"Patterns of condom use among students at historically Black colleges and universities: Implications for HIV prevention efforts among college-age young adults","volume":"25","author":"Sutton","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, P.E., Voetsch, A.C., Song, B., Calloway, D., Goode, C., Mundey, L., Nobles, J., Sly, K., Smith, M.R., and Williams, B. (2008). HIV risk behaviors and testing history in historically black college and university settings. Public Health Rep., 115\u2013125.","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549081230S314"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1912","article-title":"Acceptance of HIV testing among African-American college students at a historically black university in the south","volume":"98","author":"Payne","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2","article-title":"To Test or Not to Test: Barriers and Solutions to Testing African American College Students for HIV at a Historically Black College\/University","volume":"7","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Health Dispar. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"37","article-title":"Intersection Between Race, Gender, and Sexual Risk: Implications for STI\/HIV on HBCU Campuses","volume":"13","author":"Younge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Challenge"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"38","article-title":"HIV and STI risk for young blacks in high prevalence areas: Implications for health equity in communities hosting historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs)","volume":"7","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Health Dispar. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/109019810002700502","article-title":"Application of the theory of gender and power to examine HIV-related exposures, risk factors, and effective interventions for women","volume":"27","author":"Wingood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(03)00202-9","article-title":"Gender and HIV\/aids","volume":"82","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00289-1","article-title":"Peer education, gender and the development of critical consciousness: Participatory HIV prevention by South African youth","volume":"55","author":"Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thrul, J., Labhart, F., and Kuntsche, E. (2016). Drinking with mixed-gender groups is associated with heavy weekend drinking among young adults. Addiction.","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13633"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2015.76.971","article-title":"Drinking Motives Moderate the Effect of the Social Environment on Alcohol Use: An Event-Level Study Among Young Adults","volume":"76","author":"Smit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol. Drugs"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/14\/2\/133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:27:12Z","timestamp":1760207232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/14\/2\/133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,29]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph14020133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14020133","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,29]]}}}