{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:11:27Z","timestamp":1791979887874,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]],"date-time":"2017-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mercury (Hg) in children has multiple exposure sources and the toxicity of Hg compounds depends on exposure routes, dose, timing of exposure, and developmental stage (be it prenatal or postnatal). Over the last decades, Hg was widely recognized as a threat to the children\u2019s health and there have been acknowledgements at the international level of the need of a global policy intervention\u2014like the Minamata treaty\u2014aimed at reducing or preventing Hg exposure and protecting the child health. National human biomonitoring (HBM) data has demonstrated that low levels of exposure of Hg are still an important health concern for children, which no one country can solve alone. Although independent HBM surveys have provided the basis for the achievements of exposure mitigation in specific contexts, a new paradigm for a coordinated global monitoring of children\u2019s exposure, aimed at a reliable decision-making tool at global level is yet a great challenge for the next future. The objective of the present review is to describe current HBM studies on Hg exposure in children, taking into account the potential pathways of Hg exposure and the actual Hg exposure levels assessed by different biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14050519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]],"date-time":"2017-05-12T11:03:53Z","timestamp":1494587033000},"page":"519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Mercury in Children: Current State on Exposure through Human Biomonitoring Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Flavia","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Majorani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Domanico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Alimonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pronczuk-Garbino, J. 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