{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:42:42Z","timestamp":1778866962795,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]],"date-time":"2017-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011632","name":"NA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The consistent sporadic transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) in the city of New Orleans justifies the need for distribution risk maps highlighting human risk of mosquito bites. We modeled the influence of biophysical and socioeconomic metrics on the spatio-temporal distributions of presence\/vector-host contact (VHC) ratios of WNV vector, Culex quinquefasciatus, within their flight range. Biophysical and socioeconomic data were extracted within 5-km buffer radii around sampling localities of gravid female Culex quinquefasciatus. The spatio-temporal correlations between VHC data and 33 variables, including climate, land use-land cover (LULC), socioeconomic, and land surface terrain were analyzed using stepwise linear regression models (RM). Using MaxEnt, we developed a distribution model using the correlated predicting variables. Only 12 factors showed significant correlations with spatial distribution of VHC ratios (R2 = 81.62, p &lt; 0.01). Non-forested wetland (NFWL), tree density (TD) and residential-urban (RU) settings demonstrated the strongest relationship. The VHC ratios showed monthly environmental resilience in terms of number and type of influential factors. The highest prediction power of RU and other urban and built up land (OUBL), was demonstrated during May\u2013August. This association was positively correlated with the onset of the mosquito WNV infection rate during June. These findings were confirmed by the Jackknife analysis in MaxEnt and independently collected field validation points. The spatial and temporal correlations of VHC ratios and their response to the predicting variables are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]],"date-time":"2017-08-08T10:28:08Z","timestamp":1502188088000},"page":"892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Vector-Host Contact (VHC) Ratios and Ecological Niche Modeling of the West Nile Virus Mosquito Vector, Culex quinquefasciatus, in the City of New Orleans, LA, USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2817-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Sallam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\/School Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"College of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Michaels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of New Orleans Mosquito & Termite Control Board, 2100 Leon C. Simon, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Riegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of New Orleans Mosquito & Termite Control Board, 2100 Leon C. Simon, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5618-7690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\/School Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Zipperer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, P.O. Box 110806, Gainesville, FL 32611-0806, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Lockaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Studies at the Urban-Rural Interface (CESURI), School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\/School Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000). Guidelines for surveillance, prevention and control of West Nile virus infection\u2014United States. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. 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