{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:08:01Z","timestamp":1792069681309,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Rohingya people are one of the most ill-treated and persecuted refugee groups in the world, having lived in a realm of statelessness for over six generations, and who are still doing so. In recent years, more than 500,000 Rohingyas fled from Myanmar (Burma) to neighboring countries. This article addresses the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh, with special emphasis on the living conditions of this vulnerable population. We reviewed several documents on Rohingya refugees, visited a registered refugee camp (Teknaf), collected case reports, and conducted a series of meetings with stakeholders in the Cox\u2019s Bazar district of Bangladesh. A total of 33,131 registered Rohingya refugees are living in two registered camps in Cox\u2019s Bazar, and up to 80,000 additional refugees are housed in nearby makeshift camps. Overall, the living conditions of Rohingya refugees inside the overcrowded camps remain dismal. Mental health is poor, proper hygiene conditions are lacking, malnutrition is endemic, and physical\/sexual abuse is high. A concerted diplomatic effort involving Bangladesh and Myanmar, and international mediators such as the Organization of Islamic Countries and the United Nations, is urgently required to effectively address this complex situation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T11:10:51Z","timestamp":1503313851000},"page":"942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Trapped in Statelessness: Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Abul","family":"Milton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CCEB), School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle (UON), Newcastle 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mijanur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CCEB), School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle (UON), Newcastle 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumaira","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercycorps, Pak Palace, Murree Road, Rawal Chowk, Islamabad 45510, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charulata","family":"Jindal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CCEB), School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle (UON), Newcastle 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushmita","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle Law School, Faculty of Business and Law, The University of Newcastle (UON); Newcastle 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahnaz","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, the University of Newcastle (UON), Newcastle 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahana","family":"Ferdousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WentWest Limited, Western Sydney Primary Health Network (WSPHN), Sydney 2148, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tafzila","family":"Mouly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health and Development (CHAD), Dhaka 1219, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4890-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimmy","family":"Efird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CCEB), School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle (UON), Newcastle 2308, Australia"},{"name":"Center for Health Disparities (CHD), Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2016). 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Bangladesh Factsheet, UNHCR."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ahmad, I. (2014). The Plight of the Stateless Rohingyas, The University Press Limited."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/15562948.2011.567149","article-title":"Rohingya refugees to Bangladesh: Historical exclusions and contemporary marginalization","volume":"9","author":"Ullah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2000). Living in Limbo: Burmese Rohingyas in Malaysia, Human Rights Watch (HRW)."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Tennery, A. (2015). Why Is No One Helping Myanmar\u2019s Rohingya?, Thomson Reuters."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2012). The Contribution of Food Assistance to Durable Solutions in Protracted Refugee Situations; Its Impact and Role in Bangladesh: A Mixed Method Impact Evaluation, UNHCR & WFP."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2010). 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Available online: http:\/\/data.un.org\/Country Profile.aspx?crName=bangladesh."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/14\/8\/942\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:42:54Z","timestamp":1760208174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/14\/8\/942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph14080942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14080942","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]]}}}