{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T02:42:05Z","timestamp":1774147325477,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]],"date-time":"2017-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nature therapy has been demonstrated to induce physiological relaxation. The psychophysiological effects of nature therapy (stimulation with bonsai trees) on adult male patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) were examined. Oxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the prefrontal cortex were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy, and heart rate variability was analyzed. Psychological responses were evaluated using the modified semantic differential method and Profile of Mood States (POMS) subscale scores. Visual stimulation of adult male patients with SCI elicited significantly decreased left prefrontal cortex activity, increased parasympathetic nervous activity, decreased sympathetic nervous activity, increased positive feelings, and resulted in lower negative POMS subscale scores. Nature therapy can lead to a state of physiological and psychological relaxation in patients with SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14091017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]],"date-time":"2017-09-05T11:26:19Z","timestamp":1504610779000},"page":"1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Effects of Visual Stimulation with Bonsai Trees on Adult Male Patients with Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9503-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroko","family":"Ochiai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Higashigaoka 2-5-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1924-1053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chorong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5126-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harumi","family":"Ikei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan"},{"name":"Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Le Verseau Inc., 3-19-4 Miyasaka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0051, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3170-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshifumi","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10190","article-title":"City living and urban upbringing affect neural social stress processing in humans","volume":"22","author":"Lederbogen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810396400","article-title":"Nature-assisted therapy: Systematic review of controlled and observational studies","volume":"39","author":"Annerstedt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. 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