{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T13:40:33Z","timestamp":1793367633763,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["81273111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81273111"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Projects of Zhejiang Province","award":["2015C33148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015C33148"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Projects of Zhejiang Province","award":["2015C37117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015C37117"]}]},{"name":"Foundations of Innovative Research Team of Educational Commission of Zhejiang Province","award":["T200907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T200907"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Scientific Innovation Team for Environmental Hazardous Factor Control and Prevention","award":["2016C51001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016C51001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017553","name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"KC Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The systemic toxicity of different combinations of heavy metal mixtures (HMMs) was studied according to equivalent proportions of the eight most common detectable heavy metals found in fish consumption in the Ningbo area of China. The ion mass proportions of Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Hg were 1070.0, 312.6, 173.1, 82.6, 30.0, 13.3, 6.6, and 1.0, respectively. In this study, 10 experimental groups were set as follows: M8 (Pb + Cd + Hg + Ni + Cu + Zn + Mn + Cr); M5 (Pb + Cd + Hg + Ni + Cr); M4A (Pb + Cd + Hg + Ni); M4B (Cu + Zn + Mn + Cr); M3 (Cu + Zn + Mn); Cr; Cu; Zn; Mn; and control. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were orally treated with a single dose of each group every three days (10 times in total) for 34 days. After Morris water maze test, blood and tissue samples were collected to obtain biochemical, histopathological and western blot analysis. Results show abnormalities could be observed in different treatment groups, the M4B combination had the most significant change compared to all other groups. In conclusion, combination HMMs may have adverse effects on the hematologic, hepatic, renal and neurobehavioral function, and may also disturb electrolyte and lipid balance. Why M4B combination generated much higher toxic effects than any other combination mixtures or individual heavy metal needs to be further evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,2]],"date-time":"2017-10-02T13:10:05Z","timestamp":1506949805000},"page":"1164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Joint Toxicity of Different Heavy Metal Mixtures after a Short-Term Oral Repeated-Administration in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6537-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Fiati Kenston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanliang","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tabatha","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6012-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinshun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China"},{"name":"Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xialu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Gene Related Diseases of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cheremisinoff, N.P. 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