{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:39:11Z","timestamp":1784543951426,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]],"date-time":"2017-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Key Research and Development Project by MOST of China","award":["2016YFA0601003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0601003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1302231 & U1612441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1302231 & U1612441"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018555","name":"Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[2015] 2001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2015] 2001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018555","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Circular bubble plume diffusers have been confirmed as an effective technology for the restoration of the deep water system, but have never been applied in sub-deep water system. In this study, circular bubble plume diffusers were used, for the first time, to restore water quality in the Aha Reservoir, a typical sub-deep reservoir in Southwest China. Axisymmetric intrusive gravity currents were formed with a horizontal radius of 250 m at the equilibrium depth and the intrusion of oxygen-enriched water occurred within the depth of 10\u201314 m, while thermal stratification remained intact. A total of 95% of the imported oxygen was dissolved, but most was consumed by organic matter and other reduced substances within the hypolimnion. The oxygen consumption of organic matter, NH4+ and remaining reduced materials, accounted for 41.4\u201352.5%, 25% and 13.3\u201324.4% of the total imported oxygen, respectively. Compared with the control sites, dissolved oxygen level in the hypolimnion increased 3\u20134 times, and concentrations of NH4+, total Fe and total Mn were reduced by 15.5%, 45.5% and 48.9%, respectively. A significant decrease in total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations was observed in the experimental zone (0.04\u20130.02 mg\/L and 1.9\u20131.7 mg\/L, respectively). This indicates that circular bubble plumes have great potential for oxygenation of the hypolimnion and improving water quality in the sub-deep water system. Nevertheless, further efforts are needed to improve the discrete bubble model to elaborate the oxygen transmission dynamics and the plume formation processes in sub-deep water systems, incorporating oxygen consumption processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]],"date-time":"2017-10-26T11:15:55Z","timestamp":1509016555000},"page":"1298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Application of Circular Bubble Plume Diffusers to Restore Water Quality in a Sub-Deep Reservoir"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0854-331X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingfu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiquan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.05.032","article-title":"Sedimentary microbial oxygen demand for laminar flow over a sediment bed of finite length","volume":"39","author":"Higashino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.12.053","article-title":"Effect of hypolimnetic oxygenation on oxygen depletion rates in two water-supply reservoirs","volume":"43","author":"Gantzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:3(222)","article-title":"Effect of flow velocity on sediment oxygen demand: Experiments","volume":"124","author":"Mackenthun","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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