{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:11:47Z","timestamp":1787238707593,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]],"date-time":"2017-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Active commuting could contribute to increasing physical activity. The objective of this study was to characterise patterns of active commuting to and from schools in children and adolescents in Chile. A total of 453 Chilean children and adolescents aged between 10 and 18 years were included in this study. Data regarding modes of commuting and commuting distance was collected using a validated questionnaire. Commuting mode was classified as active commuting (walking and\/or cycling) or non-active commuting (car, motorcycle and\/or bus). Commuting distance expressed in kilometres was categorised into six subgroups (0 to 0.5, 0.6 to 1, 1.1 to 2, 2.1 to 3, 3.1 to 5 and &gt;5 km). Car commuting was the main mode for children (to school 64.9%; from school 51.2%) and adolescents (to school 50.2%; from school 24.7%). Whereas public bus commuting was the main transport used by adolescents to return from school. Only 11.0% and 24.8% of children and adolescents, respectively, walk to school. The proportion of children and adolescents who engage in active commuting was lower in those covering longer distances compared to a short distance. Adolescents walked to and from school more frequently than children. These findings show that non-active commuting was the most common mode of transport and that journey distances may influence commuting modes in children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T04:43:13Z","timestamp":1509684193000},"page":"1334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Impact of Distance on Mode of Active Commuting in Chilean Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4999-4857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRyS Research Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2374631, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Cristi-Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRyS Research Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2374631, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Celis-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128TA, UK"},{"name":"Centro de Fisiologia y Biomecanica, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danica","family":"Escobar-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRyS Research Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2374631, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palma","family":"Chill\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROFITH \u201cPROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity\u201d Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2010). Recomendaciones Mundiales Sobre Actividad F\u00edsica Para la Salud, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e3181877d1a","article-title":"The evolving definition of \u201csedentary\u201d","volume":"36","author":"Pate","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e3181e373a2","article-title":"Too much sitting: The population-health science of sedentary behavior","volume":"36","author":"Owen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.8.5.613","article-title":"Individual, Social, and Physical Environment Factors Associated With Electronic Media Use among Children: Sedentary Behavior at Home","volume":"8","author":"Granich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Blanco, E., Algar\u00edn, C., Peirano, P., Burrows, R., Reyes, M., Wing, D., Godino, J., and Gahagan, S. (2016). Weight Status and Physical Activity: Combined Influence on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Adolescents, Santiago, Chile. Glob. Pediatr. Health.","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X16674561"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Audrey, S., Procter, S., and Cooper, A.R. (2014). The contribution of walking to work to adult physical activity levels: A cross sectional study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-11-37"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saunders, L.E., Green, J.M., Petticrew, M.P., Steinbach, R., and Roberts, H. (2013). What Are the Health Benefits of Active Travel? A Systematic Review of Trials and Cohort Studies. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069912"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celis-Morales, C.A., Lyall, D.M., Welsh, P., Anderson, J., Steell, L., Guo, Y., Maldonado, R., Mackay, D.F., Pell, J.P., and Sattar, N. (2017). Association between active commuting and incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality: Prospective cohort study. BMJ.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1456"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.06.010","article-title":"Walking to public transit: Steps to help meet physical activity recommendations","volume":"29","author":"Besser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2008.10.017","article-title":"Active school transport, physical activity levels and bodyweight of children and youth: A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Faulkner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2014.956654","article-title":"Impact of the safe routes to school program on walking and bicycling","volume":"80","author":"McDonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2009.03.001","article-title":"Active school transportation in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada: An exploration of trends in space and time (1986\u20132006)","volume":"48","author":"Buliung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-012-9267-9","article-title":"Six-year trend in active commuting to school in Spanish adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Ortega","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.09.002","article-title":"Associations between active commuting to school, body fat, and mental well-being: Population-based, cross-sectional study in China","volume":"57","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.06.015","article-title":"Personal and environmental factors associated with active commuting to school in Switzerland","volume":"46","author":"Grize","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanwolleghem, G., Van Dyck, D., De Meester, F., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Cardon, G., and Gheysen, F. (2016). Which socio-ecological factor sassociate with a switch to orma intenance of active and passive transport during the transition from primary to secondary school?. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156531"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"756","article-title":"Family factors influence active commuting to school in spanish children","volume":"28","author":"Ruiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494817718905","article-title":"Convervent validation of a questionnaire to assess the mode and frequency of commuting to and from school","volume":"45","author":"Migueles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2013-0120","article-title":"Assessing modes and frequency of commuting to school in youngsters: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Ruiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.07.032","article-title":"Proportions of students who use various modes of transportation to and from school in a representative population-based sample of children and adolescents, 1999","volume":"46","author":"Pabayo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.9.887","article-title":"State wide prevalence and correlates of walking and bicycling to school","volume":"157","author":"Evenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-012-9271-0","article-title":"Associations between environmental characteristics and active commuting to school among children: A cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Aarts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"MINVU (2015). Vialidad Ciclo-Inclusiva, Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12632","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111212632","article-title":"The association between access to public transportation and self-reported active commuting","volume":"11","author":"Djurhuus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2013-0332","article-title":"Active Transportation to and on Campus is Associated with Objectively Measured Fitness Outcomes among College Students","volume":"12","author":"Bopp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2005.09.003","article-title":"Active commuting to school among NSW primary schoolchildren: Implications for public health","volume":"12","author":"Merom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.08.047","article-title":"Personal, family, social, and environmental correlates of active commuting to school","volume":"30","author":"Timperio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"231","article-title":"Active Commuting to School, Weight Status, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Children From Rural Areas The Cuenca Study","volume":"42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez, C., Salas-Fari\u00f1a, Z.M., Villa-Gonz\u00e1lez, E., Borges-Cosic, M., Herrador-Colmenero, M., Medina-Casaub\u00f3n, J., Ortega, F., and Chill\u00f3n, P. (2017). The threshold distance associated with walking from home to school. Health Educ. Behav.","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198116688429"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2014.10.013","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the distance that young people walk to school","volume":"31","author":"Panter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Place"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/14\/11\/1334\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:49:11Z","timestamp":1760208551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/14\/11\/1334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph14111334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14111334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]]}}}