{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:34:07Z","timestamp":1773966847706,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003569","name":"Ministry of Food and Drug Safety","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14162MFDS077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14162MFDS077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined antibiotic susceptibility, genetic diversity, and characteristics of virulence genes in Campylobacter isolates from poultry. Chicken (n = 152) and duck (n = 154) samples were collected from 18 wet markets in Korea. Campylobacter spp. isolated from the carcasses were identified by PCR. The isolated colonies were analyzed for antibiotic susceptibility to chloramphenicol, amikacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and enrofloxacin. The isolates were also used to analyze genetic diversity using the DiversiLabTM system and were tested for the presence of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) genes. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 45 poultry samples out of 306 poultry samples (14.7%) and the average levels of Campylobacter contamination were 22.0 CFU\/g and 366.1 CFU\/g in chicken and duck samples, respectively. Moreover, more than 90% of the isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Genetic correlation analysis showed greater than 95% similarity between 84.4% of the isolates, and three cdt genes (cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC) were present in 71.1% of Campylobacter isolates. These results indicate that Campylobacter contamination should be decreased to prevent and treat Campylobacter foodborne illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T12:00:20Z","timestamp":1510920020000},"page":"1400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Antibiotic Susceptibility, Genetic Diversity, and the Presence of Toxin Producing Genes in Campylobacter Isolates from Poultry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jeeyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"},{"name":"Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyeon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heeyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jimyeong","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"},{"name":"Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sejeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"},{"name":"Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukyung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"},{"name":"Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyemin","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"},{"name":"Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunho","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yohan","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"},{"name":"Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soomin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.042","article-title":"Prevalence, genetic diversity, and antibiotic resistance patterns of Campylobacter jejuni form retail raw chickens in Korea","volume":"114","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm024","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from poultry in the South-East Queensland region","volume":"59","author":"Miflin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.035","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter coli isolated from pigs in two provinces of China","volume":"146","author":"Qin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.255","article-title":"Campylobacter contamination in retail poultry meats and by-products in the world: A literature survey","volume":"71","author":"Suzuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9758-0","article-title":"Molecular typing and cdt genes prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from various sources","volume":"43","author":"Findik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005012","article-title":"Campylobacter","volume":"36","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1S","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01349.x","article-title":"Taxonomy of Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter and related bacteria: Current status, future prospects and immediate concerns","volume":"90","author":"On","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(01)00220-3","article-title":"Risk factors for Campylobacter spp. contamination in French broiler-chicken flocks at the end of the rearing period","volume":"50","author":"Rose","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.11.019","article-title":"Campylobacteriosis: The role of poultry meat","volume":"22","author":"Skarp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Inf."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"E79","article-title":"Campylobacter: From microbiology to prevention","volume":"58","author":"Riso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (2017, October 17). Statistics of Foodborne Illness, Available online: http:\/\/www.foodsafetykorea.go.kr\/portal\/healthyfoodlife\/foodPoisoningStat.do?menu_no=519&menu_grp=MENU_GRP02."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816001618","article-title":"Estimating healthcare costs of acute gastroenteritis and human campylobacteriosis in Switzerland","volume":"145","author":"Schmutz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.09.019","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni-mediated disease pathogenesis: An update","volume":"102","author":"Zilbauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00369.x","article-title":"Development of a cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) gene-based species-specific multiplex PCR assay for the detection and identification of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter fetus","volume":"52","author":"Asakura","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.11.017","article-title":"Campylobacter virulence and survival factors","volume":"48","author":"Bolton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/15569540500320938","article-title":"Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT): Genetic diversity, structure and role in diarrheal disease","volume":"25","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03393-13","article-title":"Prevalence and pathogenic potential of Campylobacter isolates from free-living, human-commensal American crows","volume":"80","author":"Weis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.5.3005-3007.2003","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter species from retail raw meats","volume":"69","author":"Ge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.9.3442-3450.2004","article-title":"Incidence of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolated in Alberta, Canada, from 1999 to 2002, with special reference to tet(O)-mediated tetracycline resistance","volume":"48","author":"Gibreel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.09.032","article-title":"Prevalence, genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from retail food in China","volume":"62","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.03.004","article-title":"Molecular typing methodologies for microbial source tracking and epidemiological investigations of Gram-negative bacterial foodborne pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Foley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.11.016","article-title":"Typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from live broilers and retail broiler meat by flaA-RFLP, MLST, PFGE and REP-PCR","volume":"84","author":"Behringer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Meth."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00755.x","article-title":"ERIC sequences, a novel family of repetitive elements in the genome of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and other enterobacterial","volume":"5","author":"Hulton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.1.288-291.1997","article-title":"Genomic fingerprinting of Haemophilus somnus by a combination of PCR methods","volume":"35","author":"Appuhamy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.03.003","article-title":"Genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from poultry and humans in Turkey","volume":"178","author":"Abay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47363-0","article-title":"Development of a multiplex PCR assay for identification of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter hyointestinalis subsp. hyointestinalis, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari and Campylobacter upsaliensis","volume":"56","author":"Taguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(97)85118-2","article-title":"Rapid identification by PCR of the genus Campylobacter and five Campylobacter species enteropathogenic for man and animals","volume":"147","author":"Linton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4581.1992.tb00074.x","article-title":"A rapid PCR method for direct detection of low numbers of Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2010). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 20th Informational Supplement, CLSI. M100-S20."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008). National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS): 2005 Human Isolates Final Report."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-70.4.860","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from chicken meat, pork, and beef in Korea, from 2001 to 2006","volume":"70","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.12.2915","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from raw chicken meat and human stools in Korea","volume":"69","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-014-0728-z","article-title":"Clustering of clinical and environmental Escherichia coli O104 isolates using the DiversiLab\u2122 repetitive sequence-based PCR system","volume":"70","author":"Herbold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5642","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5642-5647.2005","article-title":"Comparison of an automated repetitive sequence-based PCR microbial typing system to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for analysis of outbreaks of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"43","author":"Ross","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.06.004","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for Campylobacter spp. contamination of broiler chicken carcasses at the slaughterhouse","volume":"27","author":"Hue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.020","article-title":"Prevalence, quantification and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. on chicken neck-skins at points of slaughter in 5 major cities located on 4 continents","volume":"157","author":"Garin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.12.007","article-title":"Prevalence and quantification of Campylobacter contamination on raw chicken carcasses for retail sale in China","volume":"75","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.3390\/s140203308","article-title":"Characterization of antimicrobial resistance patterns and detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter isolates in Italy","volume":"14","author":"Zilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.10.016","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter and Campylobacter from broiler carcasses","volume":"29","author":"Son","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0183","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated genes of Campylobacter spp. isolated from raw milk, fish, poultry, and red meat","volume":"23","author":"Raeisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-561","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from retail chicken in Tianjin, China","volume":"80","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczepanska, B., Andrzejewska, M., Spica, D., and Klawe, J.J. (2017). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from children and environmental sources in urban and suburban areas. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0991-9"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.03026.x","article-title":"Campylobacter spp. subtype analysis using gel-based repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR discriminates in parallel fashion to fla A short variable region DNA sequence analysis","volume":"101","author":"Hiett","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2011.02781.x","article-title":"The role of Campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin in gastroenteritis: Toxin detection, antibody production, and clinical outcome","volume":"119","author":"Mortensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-017-6308-8","article-title":"Epidemiological relationships of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from humans and chickens in South Korea","volume":"55","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822013000300005","article-title":"Detection of CDT toxin genes in Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from broiler carcasses and vegetables in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"44","author":"Carvalho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/14\/11\/1400\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:49:55Z","timestamp":1760208595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/14\/11\/1400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph14111400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14111400","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]}}}