{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:42:08Z","timestamp":1789609328036,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drowning represents one major cause of accidental death. Near-drowning patients are exposed to aspiration that may result in pneumonia with life-threatening consequences. We designed this descriptive study to investigate the frequency, nature, and consequences of post-drowning pneumonia. One hundred and forty-four near-drowning patients (33 children and 111 adults) admitted during four years to the University Hospital of Martinique, French Indies, were included. Patients presented pre-hospital cardiac arrest (41%) and exhibited acute respiratory failure (54%), cardiovascular failure (27%), and lactic acidosis (75%) on admission. Empirical antibiotics, as decided by the physicians in charge, were administered in 85 patients (59%). Post-drowning early onset bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed as \u201cpossible\u201d in 13 patients (9%) and \u201cconfirmed\u201d in 22 patients (15%). Tracheal aspiration revealed the presence of polymorphous pharyngeal flora (59%) or one predominant bacteria species (41%) including Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophilia, and Morganella morgani. Despite adequate supportive care, drowning resulted in 45 fatalities (31%). Early onset bacterial aspiration pneumonia (either possible or confirmed) did not significantly influence the risk of death. In conclusion, near-drowning\u2013related bacterial aspiration pneumonia seems rare and does not influence the mortality rate. There is still a need for practice standardization to improve diagnosis of post-drowning pneumonia and near-drowning patient management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T12:00:20Z","timestamp":1510920020000},"page":"1402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Incidence and Consequences of Near-Drowning\u2013Related Pneumonia\u2014A Descriptive Series from Martinique, French West Indies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Cerland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort-de-France, 97261 Martinique, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"M\u00e9garbane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisi\u00e8re Hospital, Paris-Diderot University, INSERM UMR-S 1144, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatem","family":"Kallel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Centre of the French Guiana, 97306 Cayenne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanick","family":"Brouste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort-de-France, 97261 Martinique, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8647-5215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Mehdaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort-de-France, 97261 Martinique, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7273-2521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dabor","family":"Resiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort-de-France, 97261 Martinique, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"853","article-title":"A new definition of drowning: Towards documentation and prevention of a global public health problem","volume":"83","author":"Branche","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. 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