{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:22:35Z","timestamp":1778775755775,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]],"date-time":"2017-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unfinished tasks have been identified as a significant job stressor that impairs employee recovery after work. Classic experimental research by Ovsiankina has shown that people tend to resume yet unfinished tasks to satisfy their need for closure. We apply this notion to current working life and examine supplemental work after hours as a means to achieve peace of mind. We investigate how progress towards goal accomplishment through supplemental work may facilitate recovery in terms of psychological detachment, relaxation, autonomy, and mastery experiences. We conducted a week-level diary study among 83 employees over a period of 14 consecutive weeks, which yielded 575 observations in total and 214 matched observations of unfinished tasks, supplemental work during the weekend, progress, and recovery experiences. Unfinished tasks were assessed on Friday. Supplemental work and recovery experiences were assessed on Monday. Multilevel modeling analyses provide evidence that unfinished tasks at the end of the work week are associated with lower levels of detachment at the intraindividual level, tend to relate to lower relaxation, but are unrelated to autonomy and mastery. Progress towards finishing tasks during the weekend alleviates the detrimental effects of unfinished tasks on both kinds of recovery experiences. Supplemental work is negatively linked to detachment, but largely unrelated to the other recovery experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]],"date-time":"2017-12-20T11:34:14Z","timestamp":1513769654000},"page":"1606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Ovsiankina\u2019s Great Relief: How Supplemental Work during the Weekend May Contribute to Recovery in the Face of Unfinished Tasks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4328-3445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Weigelt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Hagen, 58084 Hagen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Organizational and Personnel Psychology, University of Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Syrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Trier, D-54286 Trier, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037127","article-title":"Unfinished tasks foster rumination and impair sleeping\u2014Particularly if leaders have high performance expectations","volume":"19","author":"Syrek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, W.D. (1938). On finished and unfinished tasks. A Source Book of Gestalt Psychology, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company.","DOI":"10.1037\/11496-000"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Das Behalten erledigter und unerledigter Handlungen [Remembering finished and unfinished tasks]","volume":"9","author":"Zeigarnik","year":"1927","journal-title":"Psychol. Forsch."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Cartwright, D. (1951). Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers, Harpers."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00410261","article-title":"Untersuchungen zur Handlungs-und Affektpsychologie","volume":"11","author":"Ovsiankina","year":"1928","journal-title":"Psychol. Forsch."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010euranov\u00e1, L., and Ohly, S. (2016). Persistent Work-Related Technology Use, Recovery and Well-Being Processes: Focus on Supplemental Work after Hours, Springer Science and Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24759-5"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20014","article-title":"Technology-Assisted Supplemental Work: Construct Definition and a Research Framework","volume":"43","author":"Fenner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370600915940","article-title":"Work-home interference: How does it manifest itself from day to day?","volume":"20","author":"Geurts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.83.4.577","article-title":"Relief from job stressors and burnout: Reserve service as a respite","volume":"83","author":"Etzion","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1002\/job.1924","article-title":"Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework","volume":"36","author":"Sonnentag","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/joop.12137","article-title":"Successfully leaving work at work: The self-regulatory underpinnings of psychological detachment","volume":"89","author":"Smit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000031","article-title":"Zeigarnik\u2019s sleepless nights: How unfinished tasks at the end of the week impair employee sleep on the weekend through rumination","volume":"22","author":"Syrek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Wegner, D.M., Pennebaker, J.W., Wegner, D.M., and Pennebaker, J.W. (1993). Wanting but not having: The effects of unattained goals on thoughts and feelings. Handbook of Mental Control, Prentice-Hall, Inc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langan-Fox, J., and Cooper, C.L. (2011). Work and rumination. Handbook of Stress in the Occupations, Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9780857931153"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some ruminative thoughts","volume":"Volume 9","author":"Wyer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ruminative Thoughts"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.92.1.111","article-title":"Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology","volume":"92","author":"Carver","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.12.3.204","article-title":"The recovery experience questionnaire: Development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work","volume":"12","author":"Sonnentag","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2009.06.005","article-title":"Job stressors, emotional exhaustion, and need for recovery: A multi-source study on the benefits of psychological detachment","volume":"76","author":"Sonnentag","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2010.524411","article-title":"Job demands\u2013resources model in the context of recovery: Testing recovery experiences as mediators","volume":"20","author":"Kinnunen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-013-9435-x","article-title":"Leisure and subjective well-being: A model of psychological mechanisms as mediating factors","volume":"15","author":"Newman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Drenth, P.J.D., Thierry, H., de Wolff, C.J., Drenth, P.J.D., Thierry, H., and de Wolff, C.J. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. Handbook of Work and Organizational: Work Psychology, Psychology Press\/Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cropley, M., Plans, D., Morelli, D., S\u00fctterlin, S., Inceoglu, I., Thomas, G., and Chu, C. (2017). The association between work-related rumination and heart rate variability: A field study. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00027"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cropley, M., Zijlstra, F.R.H., Querstret, D., and Beck, S. (2016). Is work-related rumination associated with deficits in executive functioning?. Front. Psychol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01524"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028552","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between work-related rumination, sleep quality, and work-related fatigue","volume":"17","author":"Querstret","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023937","article-title":"The relations of daily task accomplishment satisfaction with changes in affect: A multilevel study in nurses","volume":"96","author":"Gabriel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100615593273","article-title":"How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings","volume":"16","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Public Interest"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01","article-title":"The \u201cwhat\u201d and \u201cwhy\u201d of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior","volume":"11","author":"Deci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.80.2.325","article-title":"What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs","volume":"80","author":"Sheldon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.2.330","article-title":"Job characteristics and off-job activities as predictors of need for recovery, well-being, and fatigue","volume":"91","author":"Sonnentag","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.6.3.196","article-title":"Work, recovery activities, and individual well-being: A diary study","volume":"6","author":"Sonnentag","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2016.1167731","article-title":"Effects of new ways of working on work hours and work location, health and job-related outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Nijp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2012.711013","article-title":"Switching on and off\u2026: Does smartphone use obstruct the possibility to engage in recovery activities?","volume":"23","author":"Derks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/job.322","article-title":"Self-determination theory and work motivation","volume":"26","author":"Deci","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.97.1.19","article-title":"Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view","volume":"97","author":"Carver","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2015.1071422","article-title":"Intraindividual models of employee well-being: What have we learned and where do we go from here?","volume":"24","author":"Ilies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1348\/096317909X481382","article-title":"Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: Construction and initial validation of the Work-Related Basic Need Satisfaction scale","volume":"83","author":"Vansteenkiste","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Raudenbush, S.W., and Bryk, A.S. (2002). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods, Sage Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer, J.D., and Willett, J.B. (2003). Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195152968.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.2.121","article-title":"Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: A new look at an old issue","volume":"12","author":"Enders","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.2.142","article-title":"Conceptualizing and testing random indirect effects and moderated mediation in multilevel models: New procedures and recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Bauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro, J.C., and Bates, D.M. (2000). Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0318-1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/109442802237116","article-title":"Growth modeling using random coefficient models: Model building, testing, and illustrations","volume":"5","author":"Bliese","year":"2002","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/str0000014","article-title":"Characteristics of extended availability for work: The role of demands and resources","volume":"23","author":"Dettmers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Stress Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023594","article-title":"Relationships between work-home segmentation and psychological detachment from work: The role of communication technology use at home","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanna, L.J., Chang, E.C., Sanna, L.J., and Chang, E.C. (2006). Extending the goal progress theory of rumination: Goal reevaluation and growth. Judgments Over Time: The Interplay of Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviors, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195177664.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vahle-Hinz, T., Mauno, S., de Bloom, J., and Kinnunen, U. (2017). Rumination for innovation? Analysing the longitudinal effects of work-related rumination on creativity at work and off-job recovery. Work Stress, 1\u201323.","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2017.1303761"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1348\/096317910X485737","article-title":"Volunteer work as a valuable leisure-time activity: A day-level study on volunteer work, non-work experiences, and well-being at work","volume":"84","author":"Mojza","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069","article-title":"Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being","volume":"57","author":"Ryff","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02392.x","article-title":"Accounting for the Richness of Daily Activities","volume":"20","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1997.1333","article-title":"Temporal adjustments in the evaluation of events: The \u201crosy view\u201d","volume":"33","author":"Mitchell","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.10.3.187","article-title":"Recovery, Health, and Job Performance: Effects of Weekend Experiences","volume":"10","author":"Fritz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017983","article-title":"Daily recovery experiences: The role of volunteer work during leisure time","volume":"15","author":"Mojza","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/13594320902986097","article-title":"Does volunteer work during leisure time buffer negative effects of job stressors? A diary study","volume":"19","author":"Mojza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428116633502","article-title":"Understanding relative and absolute change in discontinuous growth models Coding alternatives and implications for hypothesis testing","volume":"19","author":"Bliese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.67.3.341","article-title":"Measurement of job and work involvement","volume":"67","author":"Kanungo","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000019","article-title":"Psychologically detaching despite high workloads: The role of attentional processes","volume":"21","author":"Smit","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/joop.12083","article-title":"Smartphone use and work\u2013home interference: The moderating role of social norms and employee work engagement","volume":"88","author":"Derks","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"215","article-title":"Extra-role behaviors: In pursuit of construct and definitional clarity (A bridge over muddied waters)","volume":"17","author":"Cummings","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2010.532869","article-title":"Understanding active psychological states: Embedding engagement in a wider nomological net and closer attention to performance","volume":"20","author":"Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2307\/259118","article-title":"Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees as Active Crafters of Their Work","volume":"26","author":"Wrzesniewski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/14\/12\/1606\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:54:46Z","timestamp":1760208886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/14\/12\/1606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph14121606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14121606","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]}}}