{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T10:17:17Z","timestamp":1769854637877,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Exposure to mineral fibers is of substantial relevance to human health. A key event in exposure is the interaction with inflammatory cells and the subsequent generation of pro-inflammatory factors. Mast cells (MCs) have been shown to interact with titanium oxide (TiO2) and asbestos fibers. In this study, we compared the response of rat peritoneal MCs challenged with the asbestos crocidolite and nanowires of TiO2 to that induced by wollastonite employed as a control fiber. Methods: Rat peritoneal MCs (RPMCs), isolated from peritoneal lavage, were incubated in the presence of mineral fibers. The quantities of secreted enzymes were evaluated together with the activity of fiber-associated enzymes. The ultrastructural morphology of fiber-interacting RPMCs was analyzed with electron microscopy. Results: Asbestos and TiO2 stimulate MC secretion. Secreted enzymes bind to fibers and exhibit higher activity. TiO2 and wollastonite bind and improve enzyme activity, but to a lesser degree than crocidolite. Conclusions: (1) Mineral fibers are able to stimulate the mast cell secretory process by both active (during membrane interaction) and\/or passive (during membrane penetration) interaction; (2) fibers can be found to be associated with secreted enzymes\u2014this process appears to create long-lasting pro-inflammatory environments and may represent the active contribution of MCs in maintaining the inflammatory process; (3) MCs and their enzymes should be considered as a therapeutic target in the pathogenesis of asbestos-induced lung inflammation; and (4) MCs can contribute to the inflammatory effect associated with selected engineered nanomaterials, such as TiO2 nanoparticles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T12:41:10Z","timestamp":1515588070000},"page":"104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Secretory Response of Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells on Exposure to Mineral Fibers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Violetta","family":"Borelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science University of Trieste, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Trevisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science University of Trieste, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vita","family":"Francesca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science University of Trieste, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Zabucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science University of Trieste, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2016.05.004","article-title":"The Third Italian Consensus Conference for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: State of the art and recommendations","volume":"104","author":"Novello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb\/6.5.535","article-title":"Pulmonary retention of ultrafine and fine particles in rats","volume":"6","author":"Ferin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1021\/nn9002067","article-title":"Cellular toxicity of TiO2-based nanofilaments","volume":"3","author":"Magrez","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1019-3","article-title":"Comparison of toxicity between the different-type TiO2 nanowires in vivo and in vitro","volume":"87","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22258","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151222258","article-title":"Lung Injury Induced by TiO2 Nanoparticles Depends on Their Structural Features: Size, Shape, Crystal Phases and Surface Coating","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-6-35","article-title":"Particle length-dependent titanium dioxide nanomaterials toxicity and bioactivity","volume":"6","author":"Hamilton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Part. Fiber Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2016.03.046","article-title":"Proteomic changes in human lung epithelial cells (A549) in response to carbon black and titanium dioxide exposures","volume":"21","author":"Vuong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allegri, M., Bianchi, M.G., Chiu, M., Varet, J., Costa, A.L., Ortelli, S., Blosi, M., Bussolati, O., Poland, C.A., and Bergamaschi, E. (2016). Shape-Related Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanofibres. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151365"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.011091033","article-title":"Effect of Size of Man-Made and Natural Mineral Fibers on Chemiluminescent Response in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages","volume":"109","author":"Ohyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"171","article-title":"Surface reactivity and in vitro toxicity on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) of nanomaterials intermediates of the production of titania-based composites","volume":"34","author":"Vergaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1080\/152873902760125219","article-title":"Differences in the effects of fibrous and particulate titanium dioxide on alveolar macrophages of Fischer 344 rats","volume":"65","author":"Watanabe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6871","DOI":"10.1021\/jf501428w","article-title":"Th2 factors may be involved in TiO\u2082 NP-induced hepatic inflammation","volume":"62","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6580","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19944","article-title":"The Effect of Ambient Titanium Dioxide Microparticle Exposure to the Ocular Surface on the Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Eye and Cervical Lymph Nodes","volume":"57","author":"Eom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.04.005","article-title":"Impact of anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles on mutagenic and genotoxic response in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (V-79): The role of cellular uptake","volume":"105","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12565","article-title":"Titanium: A review on exposure, release, penetration, allergy, epidemiology, and clinical reactivity","volume":"74","author":"Fage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036004","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/10\/3\/036004","article-title":"Leukotrienes in exhaled breath condensate and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in workers exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Pelclova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"52","article-title":"Markers of lipid oxidative damage in the exhaled breath condensate of nano TiO2 production workers","volume":"11","author":"Pelclova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0003OC","article-title":"Interleukin-25 and interleukin-13 production by alveolar macrophages in response to particles","volume":"33","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-015-5486-3","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine release is affected by surface morphology and chemistry of titanium implants","volume":"26","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-016-2165-x","article-title":"Role of Macrophage (M1 and M2) in Titanium-Dioxide Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Rat","volume":"180","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3181\/0810-RM-304","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles aggravate atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC\/Nga mice","volume":"234","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2009.00473.x","article-title":"Nano titanium dioxide particles promote allergic sensitization and lung inflammation in mice","volume":"106","author":"Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.03.016","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles augment allergic airway inflammation and Socs3 expression via NF-\u03baB pathway in murine model of asthma","volume":"92","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-34","article-title":"Titanium dioxide particle-induced goblet cell hyperplasia: Association with mast cells and IL-13","volume":"13","author":"Ahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6961","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15046961","article-title":"Systemic immune effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles after repeated intratracheal instillation in rat","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2013.12.001","article-title":"Effects of Th1 and Th2 cells balance in pulmonary injury induced by nano titanium dioxide","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2017.1349202","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles prime a specific activation state of macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8006","article-title":"Ultrafine particles cross cellular membranes by nonphagocytic mechanisms in lungs and in cultured cells","volume":"113","author":"Geiser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.05.001","article-title":"Endocytosis, oxidative stress and IL-8 expression in human lung epithelial cells upon treatment with fine and ultrafine TiO2: Role of the specific surface area and of surface methylation of the particles","volume":"222","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(05)80251-8","article-title":"On the mechanism of cell internalization of chrysotile fibers: An immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study","volume":"52","author":"Malorni","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12006","article-title":"The crocidolite fibers interaction with human mesothelial cells as investigated by combining electron microscopy, atomic force and scanning near-field optical microscopy","volume":"249","author":"Andolfi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv050","article-title":"Xenopus laevis Oocytes as a Model System for Studying the Interaction Between Asbestos Fibers and Cell Membranes","volume":"45","author":"Bernareggi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-3-20","article-title":"Clinical consequences of asbestos-related diffuse pleural thickening: A review","volume":"3","author":"Miles","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2011.556046","article-title":"Morphological and chemical mechanisms of elongated mineral particle toxicities","volume":"14","author":"Aust","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-163942","article-title":"Molecular basis of asbestos-induced lung disease","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(70)90096-1","article-title":"Further observations on the ultrastructure and chemistry of the formation of asbestos bodies","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1970","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.749241","article-title":"Interaction of asbestos with alveolar cells","volume":"9","author":"Suzuki","year":"1974","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8351147","article-title":"Cytotoxic Effect of Asbestos on Macrophages in Different Activation States","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"1983","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(89)90097-5","article-title":"Possible mechanism of chrysotile asbestos-stimulated superoxide anion production in guinea pig alveolar macrophages","volume":"100","author":"Roney","year":"1989","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"121","article-title":"The formation of asbestos bodies by mouse peritoneal macrophages. An in vitro study","volume":"137","author":"Koerten","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb\/4.6.532","article-title":"In vitro bioactivity of asbestos for the human alveolar macrophage and its modification by IgG","volume":"4","author":"Perkins","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.11.6.7524571","article-title":"Asbestos fibers and interferon-gamma up-regulate nitric oxide production in rat alveolar macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Ando","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"L813","article-title":"Asbestos induces apoptosis in human alveolar macrophages","volume":"271","author":"Hamilton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Asbestos and silica-induced changes in human alveolar macrophage phenotype","volume":"105","author":"Holian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(98)00151-9","article-title":"Activation of alveolar macrophages and peripheral red blood cells in rats exposed to fibers\/particles","volume":"99","author":"Afaq","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.11.5675","article-title":"Oxidant-mediated increases in redox factor-1 nuclear protein and activator protein-1 DNA binding in asbestos-treated macrophages","volume":"168","author":"Flaherty","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm166","article-title":"Internalization of Libby amphibole asbestos and 80 induction of oxidative stress in murine macrophages","volume":"99","author":"Blake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407657","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/407657","article-title":"Role of oxidants in interstitial lung diseases: Pneumoconioses, constrictive bronchiolitis, and chronic tropical pulmonary eosinophilia","volume":"2011","author":"Rom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0053OC","article-title":"Asbestos-induced alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress response","volume":"49","author":"Kamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33391","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.579870","article-title":"Asbestos-induced disruption of calcium homeostasis induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in macrophages","volume":"289","author":"Ryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19449","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008155107","article-title":"Nanoparticles activate the NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome and cause pulmonaryinflammation through release of IL-1\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2","volume":"107","author":"Yazdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156995","article-title":"Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica","volume":"320","author":"Dostert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv112","article-title":"A single aspiration of rod-like carbon nanotubes induces asbestos-like pulmonary inflammation mediated in part by the IL-1R","volume":"147","author":"Rydman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4412","article-title":"The proliferative effects of asbestos-exposed peripheral blood mononuclear cells on mesothelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Maki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200203-238OC","article-title":"Occupational Airborne Exposure and the Incidence of Respiratory Symptoms and Asthma","volume":"166","author":"Eagan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2741\/A176","article-title":"Mast cells as modulators of host defense in the lung","volume":"15","author":"Abraham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2009.00105.x","article-title":"The mast cell: An evolutionary perspective","volume":"85","author":"Crivellato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-9951-9","article-title":"Mast cells kill Candida albicans in the extracellular environment but spare ingested fungi from death","volume":"37","author":"Trevisan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-0077-x","article-title":"NOD1 and NOD2 Interact with the Phagosome Cargo in Mast Cells: A Detailed Morphological Evidence","volume":"38","author":"Zabucchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(03)00208-5","article-title":"Mast cells in allergy and beyond","volume":"35","author":"Puxeddu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-01-0068","article-title":"Integrins, mast cells, and innate immunity","volume":"103","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0603275","article-title":"The mast cell: An antenna of the microenvironment that directs the immune response","volume":"75","author":"Frossi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00520.x","article-title":"Mast cells in the promotion and limitation of chronic inflammation","volume":"217","author":"Metz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.09.007","article-title":"New roles for MC in modulating allergic reaction and immunity against phatogens","volume":"21","author":"Hofmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.34.12.1333","article-title":"Mast cells in the human alveolar wall: An electronmicroscopic study","volume":"34","author":"Fox","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Pleural macrophage recruitment and activation in asbestos-induced pleural injury","volume":"105","author":"Choe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.101683","article-title":"Novel site-specific mast cell subpopulations in the human lung","volume":"64","author":"Andersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"506","article-title":"Cell population and histochemistry of asbestos related lesions of rat pleural cavity after injection of various inorganic dusts","volume":"4","author":"Edwards","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.39.7.539","article-title":"Mast cells and inhalation of asbestos in rats","volume":"39","author":"Wagner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3109\/01902148709069596","article-title":"Asbestos-induced fibrosis in rats: Increase in lung mast cells and autacoid contents","volume":"13","author":"Keith","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"4438","article-title":"Mast cell chymase promotes hypertrophic scar fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis by activating TGF-\u03b21\/Smads signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu005","article-title":"From immunotoxicity to nanotherapy: The effects of nanomaterials on the immune system","volume":"138","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12437","article-title":"Size- and shape-dependent pleural translocation, deposition, fibrogenesis, and mesothelial proliferation by multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"105","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-014-0048-2","article-title":"Inhalation of rod-like carbon nanotubes causes unconventional allergic airway","volume":"11","author":"Rydman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Part. Fiber Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"195","article-title":"Influence of physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles on mast cell activation and degranulation","volume":"29","author":"Aldossari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-9-2","article-title":"A mixture of anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles induces histamine secretion in mast cells","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Part. Fiber Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"32","article-title":"Wollastonite fibers in vitro generate reactive oxygen species able to lyse erythrocytes and activate the complement alternate pathway","volume":"44","author":"Governa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199611)30:5<515::AID-AJIM1>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Mineral phases and some reexamined characteristics of the International Union against Cancer standard asbestos samples","volume":"30","author":"Kohyama","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-015-4421-7","article-title":"Study on the thermal decomposition of crocidolite asbestos","volume":"120","author":"Kusiorowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2015.09.070","article-title":"Sono-intercalation of CdS nanoparticles into the layers of titanate facilitates the sunlight degradation of Congo red","volume":"462","author":"Sehati","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.05.019","article-title":"Mast cell activation by myelin through scavenger receptor","volume":"200","author":"Medic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)25681-6","article-title":"A method for the fluorometric assay of histamine in tissues","volume":"127","author":"Shore","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"16","article-title":"Isolation of mast cell granules","volume":"3","author":"Lindstedt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"510","article-title":"Uptake of human eosinophil peroxidase by human neutrophils","volume":"124","author":"Zabucchi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.52.6.619","article-title":"A new, one-step assay on whole cell suspensions.for peroxidase secretion by human neutrophils and eosinophils","volume":"52","author":"Menegazzi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"468","article-title":"Interactions of chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos with red blood cell membranes. Chrysotile binds to sialic acid","volume":"49","author":"Brody","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.835185","article-title":"Interactions of chrysotile asbestos with erythrocyte membranes","volume":"51","author":"Brody","year":"1983","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"981","article-title":"Possible generation of hydrogenperoxide and lipid peroxidation of erythrocyte membrane by asbestos: Cytotoxic mechanism of asbestos","volume":"8","author":"Iguchi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(05)80116-1","article-title":"Changes in lipid ordering of model phospholipid membranes treated with chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos","volume":"53","author":"Gendek","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"355","article-title":"Chrysotile asbestos-induced membrane damage in human erythrocytes","volume":"73","author":"Elferink","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8351109","article-title":"Effect of asbestos on the P388D1 macrophage-like cell line: Preliminary ultrastructural observations","volume":"51","author":"Johnson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6861","DOI":"10.1021\/nn200595c","article-title":"Long, needle-like carbon nanotubes and asbestos activate the Nlrp3 inflammasome through a similar mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Palomaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.10065","article-title":"Isolation of Mast Cell Secretory Lysosomes Using Flow Cytometry","volume":"55","author":"Rajotte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytom. Part A"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)41884-X","article-title":"Soluble heparin proteoglycans released from stimulated mast cells induce uptake of low density lipoproteins by macrophages via scavenger receptor-mediated phagocytosis","volume":"33","author":"Lindstedt","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.01.045","article-title":"Modified nanoporous titanium dioxide as a novel carrier for enzyme immobilization","volume":"80","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1996.tb02699.x","article-title":"Mastocytosis: New understandings in cutaneous pathophysiology","volume":"23","author":"Lazarus","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"15502","article-title":"Central domain of IL-33 is cleaved by mast cell proteases for potent activation of group-2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"28","author":"Duval","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.129","article-title":"Mast cell chymase modulates IL-33 levels and controls allergic sensitization in dust-mite induced airway inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Waern","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.4.843","article-title":"Asbestos content of lung tissue, lymph nodes, and pleural plaques from former shipyard workers","volume":"142","author":"Dodson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1159\/000327714","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus evades the extracellular antimicrobial activity of mast cells by promoting its own uptake","volume":"3","author":"Abel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/1\/104\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:50:42Z","timestamp":1760194242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/1\/104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph15010104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15010104","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]}}}