{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:33:28Z","timestamp":1790530408013,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>By systematically setting up a unique nation-wide wild bird surveillance network, we monitored migratory and resident birds for zoonotic arthropod-borne virus infections, such as the flaviviruses West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV). More than 1900 wild bird blood samples, from 20 orders and 136 different bird species, were collected between 2014 and 2016. Samples were investigated by WNV and USUV-specific real-time polymerase chain reactions as well as by differentiating virus neutralization tests. Dead bird surveillance data, obtained from organ investigations in 2016, were also included. WNV-specific RNA was not detected, whereas four wild bird blood samples tested positive for USUV-specific RNA. Additionally, 73 USUV-positive birds were detected in the 2016 dead bird surveillance. WNV neutralizing antibodies were predominantly found in long-distance, partial and short-distance migrants, while USUV neutralizing antibodies were mainly detected in resident wild bird species, preferentially with low seroprevalences. To date, WNV-specific RNA has neither been detected in wild birds, nor in mosquitoes, thus, we conclude that WNV is not yet present in Germany. Continued wild bird and mosquito monitoring studies are essential to detect the incursion of zoonotic viruses and to allow risk assessments for zoonotic pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T13:40:39Z","timestamp":1516628439000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Monitoring of Wild Birds in Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Friederike","family":"Michel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, S\u00fcdufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7334-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Stra\u00dfe 91, D-35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1197-8288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Eiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, S\u00fcdufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, S\u00fcdufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Reuschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, B\u00fcnteweg 9, D-30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Oertzenweg 19 b, D-14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3269-7407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Rinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Sonnenstra\u00dfe 18, D-85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Urbaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birds of Prey Rehab Center Rhineland (Greifvogelhilfe Rheinland), Roermonder Stra\u00dfe 34, D-41379 Br\u00fcggen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Brandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildtier-und Artenschutzstation, Hohe Warte 1, D-31553 Sachsenhagen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekka","family":"Schwehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seehundstation Nationalpark-Haus Norden-Norddeich, D\u00f6rper Weg 24, D-26506 Norden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1984-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renke","family":"L\u00fchken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhardt-Nocht Stra\u00dfe 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-185X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Groschup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, S\u00fcdufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, S\u00fcdufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376230","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/376230","article-title":"The Global Ecology and Epidemiology of West Nile Virus","volume":"2015","author":"Chancey","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990505","article-title":"West Nile Fever\u2014A Reemerging Mosquito-Borne Viral Disease in Europe","volume":"5","author":"Hubalek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19508","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.10.19508-en","article-title":"West Nile Virus in Europe: Understanding the Present to Gauge the Future","volume":"15","author":"Reiter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2017.05.002","article-title":"West Nile Virus and its Vectors","volume":"22","author":"Ciota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.4.123","article-title":"Members of the Culex pipiens Complex as Vectors of Viruses","volume":"28","author":"Turell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020628","article-title":"Experimental Infection of North American Birds with the New York 1999 Strain of West Nile Virus","volume":"9","author":"Komar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-39","article-title":"Pathology and tissue tropism of natural West Nile virus infection in birds: A review","volume":"44","author":"Gamino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.3390\/v6020752","article-title":"Experimental Infections of Wild Birds with West Nile Virus","volume":"6","author":"Llorente","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.864","article-title":"Humoral Immunity to West Nile Virus is Long-Lasting and Protective in the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)","volume":"80","author":"Nemeth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.94.s1.6.x","article-title":"Migratory Birds and West Nile Virus","volume":"94","author":"Rappole","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0604.000401","article-title":"Migratory Birds and Spread of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"6","author":"Rappole","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017401","article-title":"West Nile Virus: A Reemerging Global Pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Petersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70030-3","article-title":"West Nile Virus","volume":"6","author":"Kramer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.08.013","article-title":"West Nile Viral Infection of Equids","volume":"167","author":"Angenvoort","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"195","article-title":"The Ecology and Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Africa, Europe and Asia","volume":"267","author":"Murgue","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"29","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin","volume":"4","author":"Calistri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3109\/23744235.2016.1164890","article-title":"Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects on West Nile Virus, a Globally Emerging Pathogen","volume":"48","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24803","article-title":"Emerging Arboviral Human Diseases in Southern Europe","volume":"89","author":"Papa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0236","article-title":"West Nile Virus Monitoring of Migratory and Resident Birds in Germany","volume":"10","author":"Seidowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1746","article-title":"Epidemic Spread of Usutu Virus in Southwest Germany in 2011 to 2013 and Monitoring of Wild Birds for Usutu and West Nile Viruses","volume":"15","author":"Ziegler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12015","article-title":"Monitoring of West Nile Virus Infections in Germany","volume":"59","author":"Ziegler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.358","article-title":"Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus Infections in Wild Birds Captured in Germany","volume":"77","author":"Linke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3390\/v7010219","article-title":"Usutu Virus: An Emerging Flavivirus in Europe","volume":"7","author":"Ashraf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1902.121191","article-title":"Usutu Virus, Italy, 1996","volume":"19","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00204-1","article-title":"Usutu Virus Activity in Austria, 2001\u20132002","volume":"5","author":"Kolodziejek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3870","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01390-07","article-title":"Emergence of Usutu Virus in Hungary","volume":"45","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2017.05.003","article-title":"An Overview of Usutu Virus","volume":"19","author":"Gaibani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.036","article-title":"Usutu Virus in Wild Birds in Northern Italy","volume":"141","author":"Manarolla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0248","article-title":"Isolation of Usutu Virus in Germany","volume":"85","author":"Bialonski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, N., J\u00f6st, H., Ziegler, U., Eiden, M., H\u00f6per, D., Emmerich, P., Fichet-Calvet, E., Ehichioya, D.U., Czajka, C., and Gabriel, M. (2012). Epizootic Emergence of Usutu Virus in Wild and Captive Birds in Germany. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/6841c4e1-58e6-4412-9b71-bd6bc8bbe549"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2312.171257","article-title":"Distribution of Usutu Virus in Germany and Its Effect on Breeding Bird Populations","volume":"23","author":"Cadar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2096","article-title":"Outbreak and Cocirculation of Three Different Usutu Virus Strains in Eastern Germany","volume":"17","author":"Sieg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadar, D., L\u00fchken, R., van der Jeugd, H., Garigliany, M., Ziegler, U., Keller, M., Lahoreau, J., Lachmann, L., Becker, N., and Kik, M. (2017). Widespread Activity of Multiple Lineages of Usutu Virus, Western Europe, 2016. Euro Surveill., 22.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.4.30452"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rijks, J.M., Kik, M.L., Slaterus, R., Foppen, R.P.B., Stroo, A., Ijzer, J., Stahl, J., Gr\u00f6ne, A., Koopmans, M.G.P., and van der Jeugd, H.P. (2016). Widespread Usutu Virus Outbreak in Birds in The Netherlands, 2016. Euro Surveill., 21.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.45.30391"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Borm, S., Lambrecht, B., Vandenbussche, F., and Steensels, M. (2017). Complete Coding Sequence of Usutu Virus Strain Gracula Religiosa\/u1609393\/Belgium\/2016 Obtained from the Brain Tissue of an Infected Captive Common Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa). Genome Announc., 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00042-17"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.12.023","article-title":"Usutu Virus, Belgium, 2016","volume":"48","author":"Garigliany","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.09.019","article-title":"Usutu Virus Infections in Humans: A Retrospective Analysis in the Municipality of Modena, Italy","volume":"23","author":"Grottola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadar, D., Maier, P., M\u00fcller, S., Kress, J., Chudy, M., Bialonski, A., Schlaphof, A., Jansen, S., J\u00f6st, H., and Tannich, E. (2017). Blood Donor Screening for West Nile Virus (WNV) Revealed acute Usutu Virus (USUV) Infection, Germany, September 2016. Euro Surveill., 22.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.14.30501"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200515","article-title":"Two new real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays with unique target sites for the specific and sensitive detection of lineages 1 and 2 West Nile virus strains","volume":"22","author":"Eiden","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-33","article-title":"Experimental infection of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) with West Nile virus isolates of Euro-Mediterranean and North American origins","volume":"45","author":"Llorente","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheeler, S.S., Vineyard, M.P., Woods, L.W., and Reisen, W.K. (2012). Dynamics of West Nile virus persistence in house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001860"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.3390\/v5112825","article-title":"Large human outbreak of West Nile virus infection in North-Eastern Italy in 2012","volume":"5","author":"Barzon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.03.005","article-title":"Explosive spread of a neuroinvasive lineage 2 West Nile virus in Central Europe, 2008\/2009","volume":"165","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.01.003","article-title":"West Nile virus lineage 2 infection in a blood donor from Vienna, Austria, August 2014","volume":"64","author":"Jungbauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19030","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.45.19030-en","article-title":"West Nile virus infections in Hungary, August-September 2008","volume":"13","author":"Krisztalovics","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-013-1918-8","article-title":"Mosquitoes as vectors for exotic pathogens in Germany","volume":"57","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Kampen, H., Schmidt-Chanasit, J., and Walther, D. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engel, D., J\u00f6st, H., Wink, M., B\u00f6rstler, J., Bosch, S., Garigliany, M.M., J\u00f6st, A., Czajka, C., L\u00fchken, R., and Ziegler, U. (2016). Reconstruction of the Evolutionary History and Dispersal of Usutu Virus, a Neglected Emerging Arbovirus in Europe and Africa. MBio, 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01938-15"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, S.M., Geervliet, M., Verhagen, J.H., M\u00fcskens, G.J.D.M., Majoor, F.A., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E., and Martina, B.E.E. (2017). Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Infections in Eurasian Coots in The Netherlands. Zoonoses Public Health.","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12375"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2014.01.004","article-title":"Evaluation of a West nile virus surveillance and early warning system in Greece, based on domestic pigeons","volume":"37","author":"Chaintoutis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0244","article-title":"West Nile virus monitoring in migrating and resident water birds in Iran: Are common coots the main reservoirs of the virus in wetlands?","volume":"11","author":"Fereidouni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1312.070343","article-title":"Seroconversion in wild birds and local circulation of West Nile virus, Spain","volume":"13","author":"Figuerola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0283","article-title":"Serologic survey of birds for West Nile flavivirus in Southern Moravia (Czech Republic)","volume":"8","author":"Hubalek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2016.04.001","article-title":"Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium Populations from Central Europe are Susceptible to West Nile Virus Infection","volume":"2","author":"Leggewie","year":"2016","journal-title":"ONE Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.08.023","article-title":"Serological evidence of continuing high Usutu virus (Flaviviridae) activity and establishment of herd immunity in wild birds in Austria","volume":"127","author":"Meister","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.03.024","article-title":"Further circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in wild birds in Italy","volume":"32","author":"Llopis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/1\/171\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:52:06Z","timestamp":1760194326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/1\/171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph15010171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15010171","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]}}}