{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:35:37Z","timestamp":1773966937362,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]],"date-time":"2018-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFC0907300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0907300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Objective: Even with licensed vaccine for enterovirus 71 (EV71) put into market in 2016 in China, hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is still a threat for children\u2019s health in Chongqing. We described the epidemiological characteristics and spatial\u2013temporal patterns of HFMD in Chongqing from 2009 to 2016, in order to provide information and evidence for guiding public health response and intervention. (2) Methods: We retrieved the HFMD surveillance data from January 2009 to December 2016 from \u201cNational Disease Reporting Information System\u201d, and then analyzed demographic and geographical information integrally. Descriptive analysis was conducted to evaluate the epidemic features of HFMD in Chongqing. The spatial\u2013temporal methods were performed to explore the clusters at district\/county level. (3) Results: A total of 276,207 HFMD cases were reported during the study period (total population incidence: 114.8 per 100,000 per year), including 641 severe cases (129 deaths). The annual incidence of HFMD sharply increased in even-numbered years, but remained stable or decreased in odd-numbered years. A semiannual seasonality was observed during April to July, and October to December in each year. The male-to-female ratios of the mild and severe cases were 1.4:1 and 1.5:1, with the median age of 2.3 years and 1.9 years, respectively. More than 90% of the cases were children equal to and less than 5 years old. High-incidence clustered regions included the main urban districts and northeast regions according to incidence rates comparison or space\u2013time cluster analysis. A total of 19,482 specimen were collected from the reported cases and 13,277 (68.2%) were positive for enterovirus. EV71 was the major causative agent for severe cases, while other enteroviruses were the predominant serotype for mild cases. (4) Conclusions: The characteristics of HFMD in Chongqing exhibited a phenomenon of increasing incidence in two-year cycles and semiannual seasonality in time distribution. Children \u22645 years old, especially boys, were more affected by HFMD. EV71 was the major causative agent for severe cases. We suggest initiating mass EV71 vaccination campaigns among children aged 6 months to 5 years in Chongqing, especially in the main urban districts and northern regions, in order to reduce case fatality, and take integrated measurements for controlling and preventing HFMD attributed to other enteroviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]],"date-time":"2018-02-05T04:29:42Z","timestamp":1517804982000},"page":"270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Chongqing, China, 2009\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, No. 8, Changjiang 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China"},{"name":"Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 27, Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenge","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, No. 8, Changjiang 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, No. 8, Changjiang 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, No. 8, Changjiang 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, No. 8, Changjiang 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, No. 8, Changjiang 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5246-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, No. 8, Changjiang 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 27, Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm0910628","article-title":"Images in clinical medicine. 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