{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:09:25Z","timestamp":1791806965687,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":224,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]],"date-time":"2018-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department for Food, Rural Affairs and the Environment, UK","award":["SE4113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SE4113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past three decades, a range of mosquito-borne viruses that threaten public and veterinary health have emerged or re-emerged in Europe. Mosquito surveillance activities have highlighted the Culex pipiens species complex as being critical for the maintenance of a number of these viruses. This species complex contains morphologically similar forms that exhibit variation in phenotypes that can influence the probability of virus transmission. Critical amongst these is the choice of host on which to feed, with different forms showing different feeding preferences. This influences the ability of the mosquito to vector viruses and facilitate transmission of viruses to humans and domestic animals. Biases towards blood-feeding on avian or mammalian hosts have been demonstrated for different Cx. pipiens ecoforms and emerging evidence of hybrid populations across Europe adds another level of complexity to virus transmission. A range of molecular methods based on DNA have been developed to enable discrimination between morphologically indistinguishable forms, although this remains an active area of research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of developments in the understanding of the ecology, behaviour and genetics of Cx. pipiens in Europe, and how this influences arbovirus transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]],"date-time":"2018-02-23T11:31:36Z","timestamp":1519385496000},"page":"389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["The Role of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Virus Transmission in Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3476-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor A.","family":"Brugman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution Biotechnologies, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LZ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Triana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolyon M.","family":"Medlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"},{"name":"Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging Infections &amp; Zoonoses, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3243-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony R.","family":"Fooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gratz, N.G. (2006). The Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases of Europe and North America: Their Distribution and Public Health Burden, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541896"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Harbach, R.E. (2015, September 16). Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory. Available online: http:\/\/mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.info."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Index of currently recognized mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"23","author":"Harbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medlock, J.M., Hansford, K.M., Versteirt, V., Cull, B., Kampen, H., Fontenille, D., Hendrickx, G., Zeller, H., van Bortel, W., and Schaffner, F. (2015). An entomological review of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. Bull. Entomol. Res., 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485315000103"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"340","article-title":"Introduction and establishment of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) in Albania","volume":"14","author":"Adhami","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"301","article-title":"Aedes albopictus in Italy and possible diffusion of the species into the Mediterranean area","volume":"32","author":"Sabatini","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2016). Aedes Albopictus\u2014Factsheet for Experts, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"59","article-title":"First record of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera, Culicidae) in Madeira Island-Portugal","volume":"13","author":"Margarita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol\u00f3gica Port."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akiner, M.M., Demirci, B., Babuadze, G., Robert, V., and Schaffner, F. (2016). Spread of the invasive mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the Black Sea region increases risk of Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika outbreaks in Europe. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004764"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11170","article-title":"Bionomics of the established exotic mosquito species Aedes koreicus in Belgium, Europe","volume":"49","author":"Versteirt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-188","article-title":"First report in Italy of the exotic mosquito species Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus, a potential vector of arboviruses and filariae","volume":"4","author":"Capelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1308.070161","article-title":"Imported chikungunya infection, Italy","volume":"13","author":"Beltrame","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calzolari, M., Bonilauri, P., Bellini, R., Albieri, A., Defilippo, F., Maioli, G., Galletti, G., Gelati, A., Barbieri, I., and Tamba, M. (2010). Evidence of simultaneous circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in mosquitoes sampled in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) in 2009. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014324"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03438.x","article-title":"Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in mosquitoes during a human outbreak in Greece","volume":"17","author":"Papa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.02.018","article-title":"Evidence of West Nile virus lineage 2 circulation in Northern Italy","volume":"158","author":"Savini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0245","article-title":"Mosquito surveys and West Nile virus screening in two different areas of southern Portugal, 2004\u20132007","volume":"10","author":"Almeida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4869","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10104869","article-title":"European surveillance for West Nile virus in mosquito populations","volume":"10","author":"Engler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1067-z","article-title":"Experimental studies on comparison of the vector competence of four Italian Culex pipiens populations for West Nile virus","volume":"8","author":"Fortuna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2015.08.002","article-title":"Comparative Usutu and West Nile virus transmission potential by local Culex pipiens mosquitoes in north-western Europe","volume":"1","author":"Fros","year":"2015","journal-title":"One Heal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01938","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01938-15","article-title":"Reconstruction of the evolutionary history and dispersal of Usutu virus, a neglected emerging arbovirus in Europe and Africa","volume":"7","author":"Engel","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.08.013","article-title":"\u201cBird biting\u201d mosquitoes and human disease: A review of the role of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Farajollahi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"250","article-title":"Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes: Taxonomy, distribution, ecology, physiology, genetics, applied importance and control","volume":"2","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pensoft Ser. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mosquito-borne viruses in western Europe: A review","volume":"24","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1064-7","article-title":"Mosquito-borne viruses in Europe","volume":"103","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"The potential impact of climate change on the distribution and prevalence of mosquitoes in Britain","volume":"21","author":"Snow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1210-2","article-title":"Influence of climate change on mosquito development and mosquito-borne diseases in Europe","volume":"103","author":"Becker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.07.025","article-title":"Impact of climate change and other factors on emerging arbovirus diseases","volume":"103","author":"Gould","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2210.161082","article-title":"Culex pipiens and Aedes triseriatus mosquito susceptibility to Zika Virus","volume":"22","author":"Aliota","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0865","article-title":"Transmission incompetence of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens pipiens from North America for Zika virus","volume":"96","author":"Kenney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30437","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.2.30437","article-title":"Experimental transmission of zika virus by mosquitoes from central Europe","volume":"22","author":"Heitmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30333","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.35.30333","article-title":"Culex mosquitoes are experimentally unable to transmit zika virus","volume":"21","author":"Amraoui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30328","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.35.30328","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the susceptibility of Italian Culex pipiens mosquitoes to zika virus infection","volume":"21","author":"Boccolini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161636","article-title":"Zika virus vector competency of mosquitoes, Gulf Coast, United States","volume":"23","author":"Hart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weger-Lucarelli, J., R\u00fcckert, C., Chotiwan, N., Nguyen, C., Garcia Luna, S.M., Fauver, J.R., Foy, B.D., Perera, R., Black, W.C., and Kading, R.C. (2016). Vector competence of American mosquitoes for three strains of Zika virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005101"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2307.161528","article-title":"Competence of Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes as Zika virus vectors, China","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2058","article-title":"Culex species mosquitoes and Zika virus","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.102","article-title":"Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus: A potential vector to transmit Zika virus","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.59","article-title":"Zika virus replication in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Brazil","volume":"6","author":"Guedes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007047","article-title":"Possible ecology and epidemiology of medically important mosquito-borne arboviruses in Great Britain","volume":"135","author":"Medlock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, N., J\u00f6st, H., Ziegler, U., Eiden, M., H\u00f6per, D., Emmerich, P., Fichet-Calvet, E., Ehichioya, D.U., Czajka, C., and Gabriel, M. (2012). Epizootic emergence of Usutu virus in wild and captive birds in Germany. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/6841c4e1-58e6-4412-9b71-bd6bc8bbe549"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2013.07.006","article-title":"Chikungunya and dengue autochthonous cases in Europe, 2007\u20132012","volume":"11","author":"Tomasello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19446","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.50.19446-en","article-title":"First human case of Usutu virus neuroinvasive infection, Italy, August\u2013September 2009","volume":"14","author":"Pecorari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0807.020094","article-title":"Emergence of Usutu virus, an African mosquito-borne Flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus group, central Europe","volume":"8","author":"Kolodziejek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00368-7","article-title":"West Nile virus","volume":"2","author":"Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0804.010239","article-title":"Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus","volume":"8","author":"Bunning","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1940.s1-20.471","article-title":"A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda","volume":"20","author":"Smithburn","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1955.4.872","article-title":"Indigenous wild birds of the Nile-delta as potential West Nile virus circulating reservoirs","volume":"4","author":"Work","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060042","article-title":"West Nile Virus in horses, sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"12","author":"Cabre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-77-18884","article-title":"Isolation from human sera in Egypt of a virus apparently identical to West Nile Virus","volume":"77","author":"Melnick","year":"1951","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040817","article-title":"West Nile Virus in Morocco, 2003","volume":"11","author":"Schuffenecker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2016.11.005","article-title":"Seroprevalence of West Nile virus antibodies in equids in the North-East of Algeria and detection of virus circulation in 2014","volume":"50","author":"Lafri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47S","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.94.s1.6.x","article-title":"Migratory birds and West Nile virus","volume":"94","author":"Rappole","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1303.060301","article-title":"Bird migration routes and risk for pathogen dispersion into western Mediterranean wetlands","volume":"13","author":"Jourdain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv066","article-title":"A review of West Nile and Usutu virus co-circulation in Europe: How much do transmission cycles overlap?","volume":"109","author":"Nikolay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fall, G., Di Paola, N., Faye, M., Dia, M., de Melo Freire, C.C., Loucoubar, C., de Andrade Zanotto, P.M., Faye, O., and Sall, A.A. (2017). Biological and phylogenetic characteristics of West African lineages of West Nile virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006078"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1086\/315225","article-title":"Continued transmission of West Nile virus to humans in southeastern Romania, 1997\u20131998","volume":"181","author":"Cernescu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333","article-title":"Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the Northeastern United States","volume":"286","author":"Lanciotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050289a","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease","volume":"11","author":"Hayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.268","article-title":"Host selection by Culex pipiens mosquitoes and West Nile virus amplification","volume":"80","author":"Hamer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.4s.137","article-title":"The contribution of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes to transmission and persistence of West Nile virus in North America","volume":"28","author":"Andreadis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calzolari, M., Bonilauri, P., Bellini, R., Albieri, A., Defilippo, F., Tamba, M., Tassinari, M., Gelati, A., Cordioli, P., and Angelini, P. (2013). Usutu virus persistence and West Nile virus inactivity in the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) in 2011. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063978"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.033829-0","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships of Western Mediterranean West Nile virus strains (1996\u20132010) using full-length genome sequences: Single or multiple introductions?","volume":"92","author":"Sotelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.82","article-title":"Vector competence of European mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"6","author":"Vogels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"749","article-title":"Mortality of Turdus merula in Tuscany","volume":"8","author":"Mani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sel. Vet."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30452","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.4.30452","article-title":"Widespread activity of multiple lineages of Usutu virus, Western Europe, 2016","volume":"22","author":"Cadar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.72","article-title":"Usutu virus, Austria and Hungary, 2010\u20132016","volume":"6","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19448","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.50.19448-en","article-title":"Usutu virus infection in a patient who underwent orthotropic liver transplantation, Italy, August\u2013September 2009","volume":"14","author":"Cavrini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-014-0300-4","article-title":"First cases of human Usutu virus neuroinvasive infection in Croatia, August\u2013September 2013: Clinical and laboratory features","volume":"21","author":"Santini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30501","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.14.30501","article-title":"Blood donor screening for west nile virus (WNV) revealed acute usutu virus (USUV) infection, Germany, September 2016","volume":"22","author":"Cadar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1955.4.844","article-title":"Sindbis virus: A newly recognized arthropod-transmitted virus","volume":"4","author":"Taylor","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.1203","article-title":"Ockelbo disease in Sweden: epidemiological, clinical, and virological data from the 1982 outbreak","volume":"33","author":"Espmark","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.150132","article-title":"Sindbis and Middelburg old world alphaviruses associated with neurologic disease in horses, South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Human","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1876","article-title":"Sindbis virus as a human pathogen\u2014Epidemiology, clinical picture and pathogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Adouchief","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0069","article-title":"Phylogeographic structure and evolutionary history of Sindbis virus","volume":"10","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.4.561","article-title":"Swedish Culex torrentium and Cx. pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) as experimental vectors of Okelbo virus","volume":"27","author":"Niklasson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.543","article-title":"Effect of environmental temperature on the vector competence of Culex pipiens and Cx. torrentium for Okelbo virus","volume":"43","author":"Turell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2105.141577","article-title":"Culex torrentium mosquito role as major enzootic vector defined by rate of Sindbis virus infection, Sweden, 2009","volume":"21","author":"Hesson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1354","article-title":"Isolation of sindbis virus from a hooded crow in Germany","volume":"14","author":"Eiden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0630","article-title":"Geographic distribution and relative abundance of the sibling vector species Culex torrentium and Culex pipiens in Sweden","volume":"11","author":"Hesson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"93","article-title":"Isolation of Yaba 1 arbovirus in Czechoslovakia","volume":"16","author":"Casals","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"379","article-title":"To the problem of the vector of Lednice virus","volume":"31","year":"1984","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol. (Praha)"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.041028","article-title":"Novel flavivirus or new lineage of West Nile virus, Central Europe","volume":"11","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0483","article-title":"Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Batai virus, Germany","volume":"84","author":"Bialonski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2987\/08-5699.1","article-title":"Genetic differentiation of populations within the Culex pipiens complex and phylogeny of related species","volume":"25","author":"Weitzel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.4s.53","article-title":"The Culex pipiens complex in Europe","volume":"28","author":"Becker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.4.10","article-title":"Culex pipiens: Species versus species complex\u2014taxonomic history and perspective","volume":"28","author":"Harbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.4s.24","article-title":"A review of the status and significance of the species within the Culex pipiens group in Australia","volume":"28","author":"Russell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294x.2000.01070.x","article-title":"Bottlenecks and multiple introductions: Population genetics of the vector of avian malaria in Hawaii","volume":"9","author":"Fonseca","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12024","article-title":"The arbovirus vector Culex torrentium is more prevalent than Culex pipiens in northern and central Europe","volume":"28","author":"Hesson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094247","article-title":"Emerging vectors in the Culex pipiens complex","volume":"303","author":"Fonseca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"25","article-title":"PCR-RFLP of the COI gene reliably differentiates Cx. pipiens, Cx. pipiens f. molestus and Cx. torrentium of the Pipiens Complex","volume":"23","author":"Shaikevich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6884120","article-title":"Culex pipiens in London Underground tunnels: Differentiation between surface and subterranean populations","volume":"82","author":"Byrne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb.)"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"805","article-title":"A comparison of aboveground and belowground populations of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Chicago, Illinois, and New York City, New York, using microsatellites","volume":"47","author":"Kothera","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"251","article-title":"The problem of the Culex pipiens complex in the South Pacific (including Australia)","volume":"37","author":"Dobrotworsky","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/41.5.50","article-title":"Genetic differences between Culex pipiens f. molestus and Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in New York","volume":"44","author":"Kent","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-8286.2003.00557.x","article-title":"Microsatellite loci from the northern house mosquito (Culex pipiens), a principal vector of West Nile virus in North America","volume":"4","author":"Keyghobadi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Notes"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.2.0750251","article-title":"Rapid assay to identify the two genetic forms of Culex (Culex) pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) and hybrid populations","volume":"75","author":"Bahnck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.339","article-title":"Rapid assays for identification of members of the Culex (Culex) pipiens complex, their hybrids, and other sibling species (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"70","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2014.12088.x","article-title":"The use of morphometric wing characters to discriminate female Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium","volume":"39","author":"Rudolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1820","article-title":"Winter activity and aboveground hybridization between the two biotypes of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens","volume":"15","author":"Vogels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.0.68","article-title":"A critical assessment of available molecular identification tools for determining the status of Culex pipiens s.L. in the United Kingdom","volume":"28","author":"Danabalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1333-8","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Culex pipiens mosquitoes in distinct populations from Europe: Contribution of Cx. quinquefasciatus in Mediterranean populations","volume":"9","author":"Shaikevich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0134453","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134453","article-title":"Testing of UK populations of Culex pipiens L. for Schmallenberg virus vector competence and their colonization","volume":"10","author":"Manley","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.1996.tb00049.x","article-title":"The insect cytochrome oxidase I gene: Evolutionary patterns and conserved primers for phylogenetic studies","volume":"5","author":"Lunt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2000.00158.x","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships among Muscoidea (Diptera: Calyptratae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences","volume":"9","author":"Bernasconi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3897\/compcytogen.v4i2.45","article-title":"Polymorphism of mitochondrial COI and nuclear ribosomal ITS2 in the Culex pipiens complex and in Culex torrentium (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"4","author":"Shaikevich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Cytogenet."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"390","article-title":"The acetylcholinesterase gene Ace: A diagnostic marker for the Pipiens and Quinquefasciatus forms of the Culex pipiens complex","volume":"14","author":"Bourguet","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr083","article-title":"Diversification of Wolbachia endosymbiont in the Culex pipiens mosquito","volume":"28","author":"Atyame","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudolf, M., Czajka, C., B\u00f6rstler, J., Melaun, C., J\u00f6st, H., von Thien, H., Badusche, M., Becker, N., Schmidt-Chanasit, J., and Kr\u00fcger, A. (2013). First nationwide surveillance of Culex pipiens complex and Culex torrentium mosquitoes demonstrated the presence of Culex pipiens biotype pipiens\/molestus hybrids in Germany. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071832"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3876-y","article-title":"Identification of European mosquito species by MALDI-TOF MS","volume":"113","author":"Yssouf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011001764","article-title":"Identification of field-caught Culicoides biting midges using matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry","volume":"139","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02665-12","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for rapid identification of tick vectors","volume":"51","author":"Yssouf","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1495-4","article-title":"Ecological characterization and molecular differentiation of Culex pipiens complex taxa and Culex torrentium in eastern Austria","volume":"9","author":"Zittra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2010.00080.x","article-title":"First evidence for presence of Culex pipiens biotype molestus in the Netherlands, and of hybrid biotype pipiens and molestus in Northern Europe","volume":"35","author":"Reusken","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12248","article-title":"The mosquito fauna of the western region of Spain with emphasis on ecological factors and the characterization of Culex pipiens forms","volume":"42","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12020","article-title":"Sympatric occurrence of Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae) biotypes pipiens, molestus and their hybrids in Portugal, Western Europe: Feeding patterns and habitat determinants","volume":"28","author":"Amaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Luca, M., Toma, L., Boccolini, D., Severini, F., La Rosa, G., Minelli, G., Bongiorno, G., Montarsi, F., Arnoldi, D., and Capelli, G. (2016). Ecological distribution and CQ11 genetic structure of Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Italy. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146476"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, B., Sousa, C.A., Novo, M.T., Freitas, F.B., Alves, R., C\u00f4rte-Real, A.R., Salgueiro, P., Donnelly, M.J., Almeida, A.P.G., and Pinto, J. (2009). Asymmetric introgression between sympatric molestus and pipiens forms of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Comporta region, Portugal. BMC Evol. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-262"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogels, C.B.F., M\u00f6hlmann, T.W.R., Melsen, D., Favia, G., Wennergren, U., and Koenraadt, C.J.M. (2016). Latitudinal diversity of Culex pipiens biotypes and hybrids in farm, peri-urban, and wetland habitats in Europe. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166959"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1134\/S0013873814010047","article-title":"The discovery of a hybrid population of mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens L. complex (Diptera, Culicidae) on the Kos Island (Greece) by means of molecular markers","volume":"94","author":"Shaikevich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Entomol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-83","article-title":"Molecular evidence of Culex pipiens form molestus and hybrids pipiens\/molestus in Morocco, North Africa","volume":"5","author":"Amraoui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.1.36","article-title":"Differences in extent of genetic introgression between sympatric Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in California and South Africa","volume":"40","author":"Cornel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05185-4","article-title":"Modelling West Nile virus transmission risk in Europe: Effect of temperature and mosquito biotypes on the basic reproduction number","volume":"7","author":"Vogels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1086\/314566","article-title":"Risk factors for West Nile virus infection and meningoencephalitis, Romania, 1996","volume":"179","author":"Han","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12096","article-title":"Divergent host preferences of above- and below-ground Culex pipiens mosquitoes and their hybrid offspring","volume":"29","author":"Fritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1677-0","article-title":"Vector competence of northern European Culex pipiens biotypes and hybrids for West Nile virus is differentially affected by temperature","volume":"9","author":"Vogels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4193-1","article-title":"Culex pipiens s.l. and Culex torrentium (Culicidae) in Wroc\u0142aw area (Poland): Occurrence and breeding site preferences of mosquito vectors","volume":"114","author":"Weitzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv070","article-title":"Physico-chemical characteristics of Culex pipiens sensu lato and Culex torrentium (Diptera: Culicidae) breeding sites in Germany","volume":"52","author":"Steinke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04355.x","article-title":"The taxonomy and biology of two sympatric sibling species of Culex, C. pipiens and C. torrentium (Diptera, Culicidae)","volume":"156","author":"Service","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.1282","article-title":"Vector host-feeding preferences drive transmission of multi-host pathogens: West Nile virus as a model system","volume":"279","author":"Simpson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153618","article-title":"Host preferences of blood-feeding mosquitoes","volume":"58","author":"Takken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilpatrick, A.M., Kramer, L.D., Jones, M.J., Marra, P.P., and Daszak, P. (2006). West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior. PLoS Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040082"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742758400022694","article-title":"Host defensive behaviour and the feeding success of mosquitoes","volume":"8","author":"Edman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08978-9","article-title":"Odours of Plasmodium falciparum-infected participants influence mosquito-host interactions","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-179","article-title":"Both infected and uninfected mosquitoes are attracted toward malaria infected birds","volume":"12","author":"Cornet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12041","article-title":"Malaria infection increases bird attractiveness to uninfected mosquitoes","volume":"16","author":"Cornet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.164186","article-title":"Virus interferes with host-seeking behaviour of mosquito","volume":"220","author":"Vogels","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix214","article-title":"Gametocytemia and attractiveness of Plasmodium falciparum-infected Kenyan children to Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes","volume":"216","author":"Busula","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"521","article-title":"Culex (Culex) molestus Forskal (Diptera: Culicidae): Neotype designation, description, variation and taxonomic status","volume":"86","author":"Harbach","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washingt."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"1","article-title":"Culex (Culex) pipiens Linnacus (Diptera: Culicidae): Concepts, type designations, and description","volume":"87","author":"Harbach","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washingt."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platonov, A.E., Fedorova, M.V., Karan, L.S., Shopenskaya, T.A., Platonova, O.V., and Zhuravlev, V.I. (2008). Epidemiology of West Nile infection in Volgograd, Russia, in relation to climate change and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) bionomics. Parasitol. Res., 103.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1050-0"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12081","article-title":"Host-feeding pattern of Culex theileri (Diptera: Culicidae), potential vector of Dirofilaria immitis in the Canary Islands, Spain","volume":"49","author":"Ruiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11184","article-title":"Host-feeding patterns of Culex pipiens and other potential mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) of West Nile virus (Flaviviridae) collected in Portugal","volume":"49","author":"Alves","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.5152\/tpd.2016.4882","article-title":"Blood meal identification of the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) specimens belong to Culex pipiens complex that were collected from Kayseri Province","volume":"40","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turkish J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0571-0","article-title":"Avian malaria parasites in the last supper: identifying encounters between parasites and the invasive Asian mosquito tiger and native mosquito species in Italy","volume":"14","author":"Capelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1643-5","article-title":"Culex pipiens forms and urbanization: Effects on blood feeding sources and transmission of avian Plasmodium","volume":"15","author":"Ferraguti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1597-z","article-title":"Host-feeding patterns of mosquito species in Germany","volume":"9","author":"Garms","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-93","article-title":"Feeding patterns of molestus and pipiens forms of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in a region of high hybridization","volume":"6","author":"Gomes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcaide, M., Rico, C., Ruiz, S., Soriguer, R., Mu\u00f1oz, J., and Figuerola, J. (2009). Disentangling vector-borne transmission networks: A universal DNA barcoding method to identify vertebrate hosts from arthropod bloodmeals. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007092"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-109","article-title":"Effect of blood meal digestion and DNA extraction protocol on the success of blood meal source determination in the malaria vector Anopheles atroparvus","volume":"12","author":"Ruiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11016","article-title":"Host-feeding patterns of native Culex pipiens and invasive Aedes albopictus mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in urban zones from Barcelona, Spain","volume":"48","author":"Eritja","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.3.574","article-title":"Natural vectors of Dirofilariasis in rural and urban areas of the Tuscan region, central Italy","volume":"43","author":"Cancrini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"Curtotti, A. (2009). Characterization of East London Culex pipiens s.l. in Relation to the Risk of Transmission to Humans of the West Nile Virus in Great Britain. [PhD Thesis, Queen Mary University of London]."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13029","article-title":"Feeding behavior and spatial distribution of Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in wetland areas of the Czech Republic","volume":"50","author":"Radrova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12155","article-title":"Host preferences in host-seeking and blood-fed mosquitoes in Switzerland","volume":"30","author":"Wagner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300042401","article-title":"Feeding behaviour and host preferences of British mosquitoes","volume":"60","author":"Service","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400021318","article-title":"A reappraisal of the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of myxomatosis in Britain","volume":"69","author":"Service","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Hyg. (Lond)."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.5.936","article-title":"Horse-, bird-, and human-seeking behavior and seasonal abundance of mosquitoes in a West Nile virus focus of southern France","volume":"43","author":"Balenghien","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1017\/S000748530000314X","article-title":"Observations on the ecology of some British mosquitoes","volume":"59","author":"Service","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0831-4","article-title":"Understanding West Nile virus ecology in Europe: Culex pipiens host feeding preference in a hotspot of virus emergence","volume":"8","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.3.552","article-title":"Evaluation of potential West Nile virus vectors in Volgograd Region, Russia, 2003 (Diptera: Culicidae): Species composition, bloodmeal host utilization, and virus infection rates of mosquitoes","volume":"43","author":"Fyodorova","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300014863","article-title":"Feeding patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to the transmission of Ockelbo disease in Sweden","volume":"76","author":"Jaenson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, J., Ruiz, S., Soriguer, R., Alcaide, M., Viana, D.S., Roiz, D., V\u00e1zquez, A., and Figuerola, J. (2012). Feeding patterns of potential West Nile virus vectors in south-west Spain. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039549"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300011585","article-title":"Population studies, physiological state and mortality factors of overwintering adult populations of females of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera:Culicidae). Bull","volume":"77","author":"Onyeka","year":"1987","journal-title":"Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferraguti, M., Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente, J., Mu\u00f1oz, J., Roiz, D., Ruiz, S., Soriguer, R., and Figuerola, J. (2013). Avian Plasmodium in Culex and Ochlerotatus mosquitoes from Southern Spain: Effects of season and host-feeding source on parasite dynamics. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066237"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2012.00196.x","article-title":"Blood meal analysis, flavivirus screening, and influence of meteorological variables on the dynamics of potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in northern Italy","volume":"37","author":"Roiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2098-4","article-title":"Blood-feeding patterns of native mosquitoes and insights into their potential role as pathogen vectors in the Thames estuary region of the United Kingdom","volume":"10","author":"Brugman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"67","article-title":"Molecular approaches for blood meal analysis and species identification of mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae) in rural locations in southern England, United Kingdom","volume":"4250","author":"Brugman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.667","article-title":"Genetic influences on mosquito feeding behavior and the emergence of zoonotic pathogens","volume":"77","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0146","article-title":"Genetic variation associated with mammalian feeding in Culex pipiens from a West Nile virus epidemic region in Chicago, Illinois","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"Silver, J.B. (2007). Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods, Springer Netherlands. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2360-9","article-title":"How often do mosquitoes bite humans in southern England? A standardised summer trial at four sites reveals spatial, temporal and site-related variation in biting rates","volume":"10","author":"Brugman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2096","article-title":"Outbreak and Cocirculation of Three Different Usutu Virus Strains in Eastern Germany","volume":"17","author":"Sieg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0751-3","article-title":"Impacts of the creation, expansion and management of English wetlands on mosquito presence and abundance\u2014Developing strategies for future disease mitigation","volume":"8","author":"Medlock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Townroe, S., and Callaghan, A. (2014). British container breeding mosquitoes: The impact of urbanisation and climate change on community composition and phenology. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095325"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10235","article-title":"Human-induced expanded distribution of Anopheles plumbeus, experimental vector of West Nile virus and a potential vector of human malaria in Belgium","volume":"48","author":"Dekoninck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12099","article-title":"Colonization of a newly constructed urban wetland by mosquitoes in England: Implications for nuisance and vector species","volume":"39","author":"Medlock","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2012.00213.x","article-title":"Is the expression of autogeny by Culex molestus Forskal (Diptera: Culicidae) influenced by larval nutrition or by adult mating, sugar feeding, or blood feeding?","volume":"37","author":"Kassim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2399-7","article-title":"West Nile virus in overwintering mosquitoes, central Europe","volume":"10","author":"Rudolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-27.1.21","article-title":"Emergence of Culex pipiens from overwintering hibernacula","volume":"27","author":"Ciota","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12280","article-title":"Overwintering biology of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in the Sacramento Valley of California","volume":"50","author":"Nelms","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-333","article-title":"Climatic effects on mosquito abundance in Mediterranean wetlands","volume":"7","author":"Roiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29002","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29002","article-title":"Effects of landscape anthropization on mosquito community composition and abundance","volume":"6","author":"Ferraguti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12487","article-title":"The ecological foundations of transmission potential and vector-borne disease in urban landscapes","volume":"29","author":"LaDeau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0865-7","article-title":"Modelling the spatial distribution of the nuisance mosquito species Anopheles plumbeus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Netherlands","volume":"8","author":"Cianci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12805","article-title":"Anopheles plumbeus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany: updated geographic distribution and public health impact of a nuisance and vector mosquito","volume":"22","author":"Heym","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Heal."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13084","article-title":"Urban climate versus global climate change-what makes the difference for dengue?","volume":"1382","author":"Misslin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2013.09.006","article-title":"Impact of drought on vector-borne diseases\u2014how does one manage the risk?","volume":"128","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2265-7","article-title":"Ecophysiological characterization and molecular differentiation of Culex pipiens forms (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tunisia","volume":"10","author":"Beji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.05.053","article-title":"Flying in tune: Sexual recognition in mosquitoes","volume":"16","author":"Gibson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.11.040","article-title":"\u201cSinging on the Wing\u201d as a mechanism for species recognition in the malarial mosquito Anopheles gambiae","volume":"20","author":"Pennetier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2010.146","article-title":"Many compatible Wolbachia strains coexist within natural populations of Culex pipiens mosquito","volume":"106","author":"Duron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb.)"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12875","article-title":"Quantification of within- and between-farm dispersal of Culicoides biting midges using an immunomarking technique","volume":"54","author":"Sanders","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-200","article-title":"Advances in methods for colour marking of mosquitoes","volume":"6","author":"Verhulst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18803","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906932106","article-title":"Acute olfactory response of Culex mosquitoes to a human- and bird-derived attractant","volume":"106","author":"Syed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.225","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of avian odors for mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) attraction","volume":"43","author":"Allan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.4.503","article-title":"Attraction of Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) to flower volatiles","volume":"36","author":"Mauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.6.1164","article-title":"Na\u00efve and conditioned responses of Culex pipiens pipiens biotype molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) to flower odors","volume":"43","author":"Jhumur","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12145","article-title":"Trapping biases of Culex torrentium and Culex pipiens revealed by comparison of captures in CDC traps, ovitraps, and gravid traps","volume":"40","author":"Hesson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"22","article-title":"Distribution and frequency of Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium (Culicidae) in Europe and diagnostic allozyme markers","volume":"29","author":"Weitzel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calzolari, M., Pautasso, A., Montarsi, F., Albieri, A., Bellini, R., Bonilauri, P., Defilippo, F., Lelli, D., Moreno, A., and Chiari, M. (2015). West Nile virus surveillance in 2013 via mosquito screening in Northern Italy and the influence of weather on virus circulation. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140915"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0705-9","article-title":"Enhanced West Nile virus surveillance in the North Kent marshes, UK","volume":"8","author":"Vaux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.12.013","article-title":"Diversity and ecology survey of mosquitoes potential vectors in Belgian equestrian farms: A threat prevention of mosquito-borne equine arboviruses","volume":"124","author":"Boukraa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.02.006","article-title":"Distribution and hybridization of Culex pipiens forms in Greece during the West Nile virus outbreak of 2010","volume":"16","author":"Gomes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.10.011","article-title":"West Nile virus \u201ccirculation\u201d in Vojvodina, Serbia: Mosquito, bird, horse and human surveillance","volume":"31","author":"Zgomba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12164","article-title":"Culex pipiens and Stegomyia albopicta (=Aedes albopictus) populations as vectors for lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus in Europe","volume":"30","author":"Brustolin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_208","unstructured":"Rogozi, E., Velo, E., Bino, S., Kadriaj, P., Severini, F., and Schaffner, F. (2012, January 8\u201311). An update of the mosquito fauna of Albania, based on a country-wide field survey 2011\u20132012. Proceedings of the E-Sove: From biology to integrated in a changing world, Montpellier, France."},{"key":"ref_209","first-page":"14","article-title":"Distribution chart for European mosquitoes","volume":"3","author":"Snow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12180","article-title":"Updated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Belgium","volume":"40","author":"Boukraa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huld\u00e9n, L., and Huld\u00e9n, L. (2014). Checklist of the family Culicidae (Diptera) in Finland. Zookeys.","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.441.7743"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Culverwell, C.L. (2017). A report on the mosquitoes of mainland \u00c5land, southwestern Finland and revised list of Finnish mosquitoes. Med. Vet. Entomol.","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12272"},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"1","article-title":"A revised cheddist of the French Culicidae","volume":"2","author":"Schaffner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_214","first-page":"30","article-title":"Revised checklist and distribution maps of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Hungary","volume":"30","author":"Kenyeres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"16","article-title":"Checklist of Lithuanian Diptera","volume":"18","author":"Lutovinovas","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Rare Lith. Insect Species"},{"key":"ref_216","first-page":"21","article-title":"Preliminary studies on the mosquito fauna of Luxembourg","volume":"14","author":"Beck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2987\/12-6311R.1","article-title":"Annotated checklist of the mosquitoes of the Republic of Moldova","volume":"29","author":"Sulesco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_218","unstructured":"Ribeiro, H., Ramos, H., Pires, C., and Capela, R. (1988). An annotated checklist of the mosquitoes of continental Portugal (Diptera, Culicidae). Acta III Congr. Iber. Entomol. Spec., 233\u2013254."},{"key":"ref_219","first-page":"17","article-title":"The distribution of mosquitoes in Romania (Diptera: Culicidae). Part I: Anopheles, Aedes and Culex","volume":"13","author":"Nicolescu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"31","article-title":"Fauna of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Stara Planina, Serbia","volume":"1","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Entomol. Serbica"},{"key":"ref_221","first-page":"20","article-title":"Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Slovakia","volume":"6","author":"Jalili","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_222","first-page":"7","article-title":"Culex (Culex) torrentium Martini (Diptera: Culicidae) a new species from Spain","volume":"8","author":"Aranda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_223","first-page":"10","article-title":"An annotaded checklist and bibliography of the mosquitoes of Spain (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"8","author":"Eritja","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Mosq. Bull."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.10.013","article-title":"Barcoding Turkish Culex mosquitoes to facilitate arbovirus vector incrimination studies reveals hidden diversity and new potential vectors","volume":"143","author":"Gunay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/2\/389\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:56:06Z","timestamp":1760194566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/2\/389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]]},"references-count":224,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph15020389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15020389","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]]}}}