{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:45:36Z","timestamp":1791326736105,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]],"date-time":"2018-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A cross-sectional study was performed on the adverse effects of sleep time on the mental health of children after the Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent nuclear reactor accident in March 2011. The target participants were children aged 4\u201315 years living inside the government-designated evacuation zone as of 11 March 2011 (n = 29,585). The participants\u2019 parents\/guardians completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and sleep time data were obtained from the 2011 Fukushima Health Management Survey. A total of 18,745 valid responses were returned. We excluded questionnaires with incomplete answers leaving 13,272 responses for the final analysis. First, we divided the children into three age groups for analysis. Second, we divided each age group into four or five groups based on sleep time per day. We used SDQ scores \u226516 to indicate a high risk of mental health problems. In the 4\u20136-year-old group, those with a sleep time of &lt;9 h had a higher risk. In the 7\u201312-year-old group, those with \u226510 h of sleep time had a higher risk. In the 13\u201315-year-old group, those with \u22659 h of sleep time had a higher risk. Shorter sleep time was associated with a higher risk of mental health in 4\u20136-year-olds. On the other hand, oversleeping was associated with a high risk of mental health in 7\u201315-year-olds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]],"date-time":"2018-03-30T12:43:48Z","timestamp":1522413828000},"page":"633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Relationship between Sleep Time and Mental Health Problems According to the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in Children after an Earthquake Disaster: The Fukushima Health Management Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5837-2825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuntaro","family":"Itagaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4532-7165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Ohira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seiji","family":"Yasumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaharu","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Disaster Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3551-6512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuriko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Adult Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-0031, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirobumi","family":"Mashiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Shiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itaru","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirooki","family":"Yabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bennett, B., Repacholi, M., and Carr, Z. (2006). Health effects of the chernobyl accident and special health care programs. Report of the UN Chernobyl Forum Expert Group \u201cHealth\u201d, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.501","article-title":"A 25 year retrospective review of the psychological consequences of the Chernobyl accident","volume":"23","author":"Bromet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5387\/fms.2014-1","article-title":"Mental Health Group of the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Psychological distress after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident: Results of a mental health and lifestyle survey through the Fukushima Health Management Survey in FY2011 and FY2012","volume":"60","author":"Yabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fukushima J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/19.4.318","article-title":"Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Pilcher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3412","article-title":"Sleep duration and depressive symptoms: A gene-environment interaction","volume":"37","author":"Watson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.09.022","article-title":"Sleep patterns and sleep disturbances among Chinese school-aged children: Prevalence and associated factors","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12109","article-title":"Early childhood profiles of sleep problems and self-regulation predict later school adjustment","volume":"86","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usami, M., Iwadare, Y., Kodaira, M., Watanabe, K., Aoki, M., Katsumi, C., Matsuda, K., Makino, K., Iijima, S., and Harada, M. (2013). Sleep Duration among Children 8 Months after the 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065398"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01289.x","article-title":"A modified version of the Rutter parent questionnaire including extra items on children\u2019s strengths","volume":"35","author":"Goodman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Youth In Mind (2017, January 11). SDQ: Information for Researchers and Professionals about the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Available online: http:\/\/www.sdqinfo.com."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-8-1","article-title":"Normative data and psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire among Japanese school-aged children","volume":"8","author":"Moriwaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20120105","article-title":"Study protocol for the Fukushima Health Management Survey","volume":"22","author":"Yasumura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","article-title":"The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note","volume":"38","author":"Goodman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2007.12.003","article-title":"Scale properties of the Japanese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): A study of infant and school children in community samples","volume":"30","author":"Matsuishi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1694","article-title":"Childhood Sleep Duration and Associated Demographic Characteristics in an English Cohort","volume":"35","author":"Blair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.10.1381","article-title":"Normative Data on the Sleep Habits of Australian Children and Adolescents","volume":"33","author":"Olds","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2016.09.010","article-title":"Psychiatric Outpatients After the 3.11 Complex Disaster in Fukushima, Japan","volume":"82","author":"Hori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.03.017","article-title":"Inconsistent sleep schedules and daytime behavioral difficulties in school-aged children","volume":"12","author":"Biggs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0912-8","article-title":"The relationship between screen time, nighttime sleep duration, and behavioural problems in preschool children in China","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12127","article-title":"Associations between sleep habits and mental health status and suicidality in a longitudinal survey of monozygotic twin adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Matamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.10.015","article-title":"Sleep duration independently influences metabolic body size phenotype in children and adolescents: A population-based study","volume":"42","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.5.585","article-title":"Sleep Duration and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies","volume":"33","author":"Cappuccio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1207\/s15402010bsm0303_1","article-title":"Sleep and risk-taking behavior in adolescents","volume":"3","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.11.007","article-title":"Sleep Patterns and Mental Health Correlates in US Adolescents","volume":"182","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4368","article-title":"Academic performance among adolescents with behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1722","article-title":"Insufficient sleep and suicidality in adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/4\/633\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:59:04Z","timestamp":1760194744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/4\/633"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph15040633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15040633","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]}}}