{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:01:40Z","timestamp":1791806500248,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Following the Parma Declaration on Environment and Health adopted at the Fifth Ministerial Conference (2010), the Ministers and representatives of Member States in the WHO European Region requested the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop updated guidelines on environmental noise, and called upon all stakeholders to reduce children\u2019s exposure to noise, including that from personal electronic devices. The WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region will provide evidence-based policy guidance to Member States on protecting human health from noise originating from transportation (road traffic, railway and aircraft), wind turbine noise, and leisure noise in settings where people spend the majority of their time. Compared to previous WHO guidelines on noise, the most significant developments include: consideration of new evidence associating environmental noise exposure with health outcomes, such as annoyance, cardiovascular effects, obesity and metabolic effects (such as diabetes), cognitive impairment, sleep disturbance, hearing impairment and tinnitus, adverse birth outcomes, quality of life, mental health, and wellbeing; inclusion of new noise sources to reflect the current noise environment; and the use of a standardized framework (grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations: GRADE) to assess evidence and develop recommendations. The recommendations in the guidelines are underpinned by systematic reviews of evidence on several health outcomes related to environmental noise as well as evidence on interventions to reduce noise exposure and\/or health outcomes. The overall body of evidence is published in this Special Issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,23]],"date-time":"2018-04-23T04:29:17Z","timestamp":1524457757000},"page":"813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Development of the WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: An Introduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5472-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Jarosi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-\u00c8ve","family":"H\u00e9roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonum","family":"Wilkhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Creswick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6537-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos","family":"Verbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Cochrane Work, Neulaniementie 4, 70701 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rdis","family":"Wothge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabet","family":"Paunovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206154","article-title":"Environmental burden of disease in Europe: assessing nine risk factors in six countries","volume":"122","author":"Knol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Europe, and European Commission Joint Reasearch Centre (2011). Burden of Disease from Environmental Noise-Quantification of Healthy Life Years Lost in Europe, WHO."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Europe (2010, January 10\u201312). Parma Declaration on Environment and Health. Proceedings of the Fifth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health, Parma, Italy."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"European Commission (2002). Directive 2002\/49\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 Relating to the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2018, April 10). European Environment Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/themes\/human\/noise\/noise-story-map."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Commission (2013). Environment Action Programme to 2020 \u201cLiving Well, within the Limits of Our Planet\u201d, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2012). EEA Technical Report No 9\/2012 Electronic Noise Data Reporting Mechanism, European Environment Agency."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2184247","article-title":"Aircraft noise effects on sleep: Application of the results of a large polysomnographic field study","volume":"119","author":"Basner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.02.024","article-title":"Examining nocturnal railway noise and aircraft noise in the field: sleep, psychomotor performance, and annoyance","volume":"424","author":"Elmenhorst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Gemeinn\u00fctzige Umwelthaus gGmbH (Hg.) (2015). Gesamtbetrachtung des Forschungsprojekts. NORAH. Verkehrsl\u00e4rmwirkungen im Flughafenumfeld (Bd. 7), Noise Related Annoyance Cognition and Health (NORAH)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Blanes, N., Fons, J., Houthuijs, D., Swart, W., de la Maza, M.S., Ramos, M.J., Castell, N., and van Kempen, E. (2017). Noise in Europe 2017: Updated Assessment, European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC\/ACM)."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Eurostat (2017). Urban Europe\u2014Statistics on Cities, Towns and Suburbs, Publications Office of the European Union. [2016 ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"European Commission (2016). EU Reference Scenario 2016\u2014Energy, Transport and GHG Emissions: Trends to 2050, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Eurostat (2018, January 08). Noise from Neighbours or from the Street\u2014EU-SILC Survey. Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/en\/web\/products-datasets\/-\/ILC_MDDW01."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Eurostat (2015). Quality of Life: Facts and Views, Publications Office of the European Union. [2015 ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"333","article-title":"Annoyance, detection and recognition of wind turbine noise","volume":"456\u2013457","author":"Bockstael","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Hearing Loss due to Recreational Exposure to Loud Sounds: A Review, WHO."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) (2008). Potential Health Risks of Exposure to Noise from Personal Music Players and Mobile Phones Including a Music Playing Function, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., Schwela, D.H., and World Health Organization (1999). Guidelines for Community Noise, WHO."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). WHO Handbook for Guideline Development, WHO. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.01.004","article-title":"GRADE: Assessing the quality of evidence in environmental and occupational health","volume":"92\u201393","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/4\/813\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:01:34Z","timestamp":1760194894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/4\/813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph15040813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15040813","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]]}}}